In the production and cultivation of yam, it is affected by many factors, the tuber is easy to grow deformed, or infected by pests and diseases, affecting or even losing economic value, causing large economic losses to producers. After discussions with yam growers for many years, we analyzed the following reasons for the growth of yam deformity.
Germplasm
First, the influencing factors:
(1) Large-scale cultivation of yam using yam mouth and yam cuts, yam mouth and diced in the soil for at least one year cultivation, easy to carry root nematode and anthracnose, brown rot pathogen, etc., planting with pathogens After that, when conditions are appropriate (6-7 months, high temperature and rainy season), large areas will occur, which will cause great difficulties in prevention and control.
(2) 1-2 years old yam mouth is more expensive, some producers are eager to use yams mouthpieces that have been cultivated for 4-5 years. Because the mouth is aging, it is easy to form mutations, and generate bifurcations, bends and other deformities.
Second, preventive measures:
(1) Soak the seeds or seeds of the plant to be cultivated with 500-800 times of mancozeb or carbendazim solution, and soak for 3-5 minutes to kill the bacteria carried on the seeds.
(2) Use as much as possible the annual yams mouth cultivation cultivated by high quality yam bean.
(3) Choose thick mouth or seed blocks, and must be selected for cultivation. The use of 20-25 cm mouthpieces or seed pieces is beneficial to the formation of stout stems and enhance the disease resistance of plants.
Soil factor
First, the influencing factors:
(1) The quality of soil directly affects the growth of yam tubers. The yam grows from black clay, with many tubers bent and big feet. The surface of cut stems has large hair roots and many hairs. The yam tubers grown in the sandy soil are slender and have insufficient thickness. .
(2) The groundwater level of the soil is too shallow, the yam plants do not grow well, and the roots and tubers are susceptible to waterlogging.
(3) The pests and diseases in the continuous cropping soil increased, and the hormones secreted by the roots affected the skin color of the tubers, resulting in poor quality.
Second, preventive measures:
(1) Choose cultivation plots of uncultivated yams for cultivation, which can be cultivated continuously for 3 years. In the second year, the ridge of the yam is grown on the ridge of the first year and the third year is planted in the cultivation trench of the first year.
(2) Choose high-dry terrain, well-drained, sandy loam soil or loam soil planting, requiring uniform soil from top to bottom.
Planting factors
First, the influencing factors:
(1) The depth of trenching is not enough. The yam gully is too shallow, and the basal-end meristem of the yam tuber begins to grow laterally after elongating to the bottom of the ditch, and grows into a large ankle or a curved yam.
(2) The soil in the ditch is not uniform. In the process of growth, yam tubers are susceptible to bending or deformation after they encounter bricks, stones, and hard soil.
(3) The yam seed block and mouth were improperly placed. Improper placement of the mouth produces 2-3 stems. If it is not dealt with in time, multiple tubers will easily form in the ground and affect the quality of yam.
Second, preventive measures:
(1) Digging trenches should be deep enough, and the depth of trenching varies with yam varieties, but most yam tubers are 1-1.3 m long and trenches should be above 1.3 m.
(2) Before the planting of yam, the organic fertilizer was mixed, and the soil layer of 20-30 cm in the yam gully was rotated three times to make the soil and fertilizer evenly mixed, and the soil in the 20-30 cm soil layer was small.
(3) When placing seeds and mouths, the strong buds should have a 45-degree oblique angle with the ground, maintain the top edge of the strong buds, inhibit the growth of other buds, and the strong buds should be placed sideways to facilitate the growth of the stems and the yam below. Elongation.
Management factor
First, the influencing factors:
(1) Too much rain, or improper watering, causes a ditch, which affects the growth of tubers of yams and causes them to deform.
(2) Insect pests such as cockroaches and cockroaches bite the tuber or basal meristem of the yam causing insect eyes or forks.
(3) Root nematodes, anthracnose, stalk rot and other diseases damage the leaves and tubers of yams and affect the quality of yams.
Second, preventive measures:
(1) Watering should be timely and appropriate, and water should be removed in a timely manner in the rainy season to prevent collapse.
(2) The organic fertilizer should be piled up and cooked, and mixed with a small amount of trichlorfon to kill the bacteria and pests in the organic fertilizer.
(3) When planting, use 500-800 times of liquid carbendazim to soak seeds, and sprinkle sand or bran with trichlorfon in the planting ditch.
(4) From the beginning of June, spray methyl thiophanate and mancozeb 500 times every half month to prevent and kill germs and avoid large-scale outbreaks of diseases.
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