Potatoes are vegetatively propagated crops. Usually, tubers are used for seeding. Many diseases can easily pass through and enlarge the hazards through generations of tubers. Moreover, potato seed potatoes have large amounts, low propagation coefficients, and high requirements for transportation and storage. Therefore, potato seed potato breeding work must start from both the “quality†and “quantity†perspectives. In terms of "quality", it is mainly to reduce the rate of degradation of varieties and maintain the characteristics of varieties; in terms of improving "quantity", it mainly adopts effective measures to achieve high-multiplication and accelerate the promotion and utilization of new varieties.
Method for improving breeding quality of potato seed potato
The main methods for raising the potato production level are, in addition to increasing research on the breeding of disease-resistant varieties and the use of seeds for the production of seed potatoes, the focus should be on the breeding of potato varieties, with particular attention to preventing miscellaneous and viral infections or other diseases. To ensure the purity and quality, ensure that the seed potatoes are healthy and virus-free.
Selection and retention method
Debris removal This method is often used in the field of degenerative crops that are slightly retained. In the whole growth period of the potato, it is usually carried out 3 times to remove impurities. The first time, 15 days after emergence, the leaves, wrinkled mosaic, dwarf, tufted and other diseased plants were removed. The removal of the diseased plant is crucial because the seedlings at this stage are most susceptible to disease. Early removal of the diseased plant can eliminate the source of the disease and prevent it from spreading. The second time was the eradication of a strain that had a significant difference between the degraded or diseased plant and flower color, plant type, and cultivar. The third time is to remove the dwarf plant or the diseased plant before harvest, and remove the deformed potato and the diseased potato after harvesting. The seed potatoes with the typical characteristics of the original species are properly processed and stored in the pit.
Single-strain mixed seeding This method is mainly used to mark plants that are well-grown and exhibit typical traits of the original cultivar at the flowering stage, and review it 2 or 3 times during the growth period. Once the marked plants are found to be sick or have other abnormalities, Should be cleared immediately. After careful review before harvesting, the well-developed labeled seed potatoes were collectively harvested, and tubers with typical traits of the original cultivars were collected and used as seed potatoes for the following year.
In the first year of plant selection, individual plants were selected, and the method was the same as the above-mentioned single plants. The harvested tubers were individually bagged and stored. The strains were compared in the second year and they were continuously compared for 2 to 3 generations. Each selected plantlet tuber species 10 to 20, forming a strain (preferably whole potato sowing). Observed during the fertility period, we eliminated the susceptible strains and selected the strains with high yield, consistent growth, and no "degenerative" symptoms as the next generation of excellent strains. In the third or fourth year, the tubers of the selected excellent strains were expanded and used as seed potatoes.
Summer sowing method
This method is one of the commonly used seed retention methods in single-season cultivation areas. Potato sowing in these areas is generally concentrated at the end of April or early May. As a main pest for virus transmission between potatoes, locusts reproduce in large numbers during the high temperature season in midsummer, resulting in serious potato virus disease and low seed potato quality. If the seed sowing time was postponed until the end of June to mid-July, the number of locusts after the emergence had been greatly reduced. In August, even if there was a small number of winged locusts in the rainy season, they would not be easy to move in the rainy season, thus reducing the chance of transmission of the virus. It can effectively avoid the peak period of aphid transmission and increase the quality of seed potatoes.
Seed production
Seed production with seeds is generally not obvious after three years of planting. In order to maintain the sustainable production growth of real raw potatoes, it is necessary to re-incubate the seedlings after three years of continuous planting and replace the raw potatoes in time. The main method is to establish a seed-retaining field by using raw potatoes produced from seedlings, and to provide seed potatoes for field production through the seed that is kept in the field.
Method for improving the breeding quantity of potato seed potato
In conventional production, potatoes are bred in tubers, and the propagation coefficient is generally 10-15 times. Due to the physiological characteristics that the potato can be propagated in multiple organs, the shoots and buds of the potato can be fully utilized for reproduction in actual production, and the propagation coefficient of the potato can be fully improved. If the operation method is proper, the propagation coefficient can generally be increased to hundreds or even thousands of times. Can speed up the production process of improved seeds.
Single bud method
There are at least one main bud and at least two accessory buds on each bud of the potato tuber. When the main bud germinates, the development of the accessory bud is inhibited. When the main bud is damaged, the secondary bud can germinate and develop into a plant. . This method is to make full use of multiple sprouts in each bud on the tuber to increase the number of breeding. Specific method of operation: 1 month before sowing, seed potatoes are placed in an environment of about 20°C for germination. When the seed potato sprouts, the seed potato is cut into pieces by buds. When the buds are cut, they start from the base, and the parts of the buds are spiraled toward the top. The base of the eye buds sparse, the cut can be appropriately larger, can be cut longitudinally from the middle of bud eyebrows, the bud eye cut into 2 pieces, the weight of a single cut to maintain more than 20 grams, this can increase the utilization rate of seedlings about 30%.
Axillary bud raising method
Some newly-introduced or newly-breeded varieties often have a small number of seed potatoes. Using this method, the number of seed potatoes can be rapidly increased to provide a stable source of original seed potatoes for large-scale breeding. Specific methods of operation: 2 to 3 months before the sowing of potatoes, seed potatoes will be placed in the greenhouse or hotbed nursery, in order to prevent sprouting leggy, to properly strengthen the light. When the buds are about 15 cm long, buds can be started. When axillary buds are sprouted, the sprouts are carefully plucked from the base of the seed buds and planted on a suitable warm bed. The planting depth is generally about 1/2 of the sprout height.
Then the seedlings were removed and the germinating seeds were returned to their original location, and the appropriate temperature and humidity continued to germinate, which promoted the germination of other accessory buds and carried out multiple axillary buds. Generally, individual seedlings could be sowed 3 or 4 times. Finally, the buds and tubers were planted on the production plots.
Method for improving breeding quality of potato seed potato
The main methods for raising the potato production level are, in addition to increasing research on the breeding of disease-resistant varieties and the use of seeds for the production of seed potatoes, the focus should be on the breeding of potato varieties, with particular attention to preventing miscellaneous and viral infections or other diseases. To ensure the purity and quality, ensure that the seed potatoes are healthy and virus-free.
Selection and retention method
Debris removal This method is often used in the field of degenerative crops that are slightly retained. In the whole growth period of the potato, it is usually carried out 3 times to remove impurities. The first time, 15 days after emergence, the leaves, wrinkled mosaic, dwarf, tufted and other diseased plants were removed. The removal of the diseased plant is crucial because the seedlings at this stage are most susceptible to disease. Early removal of the diseased plant can eliminate the source of the disease and prevent it from spreading. The second time was the eradication of a strain that had a significant difference between the degraded or diseased plant and flower color, plant type, and cultivar. The third time is to remove the dwarf plant or the diseased plant before harvest, and remove the deformed potato and the diseased potato after harvesting. The seed potatoes with the typical characteristics of the original species are properly processed and stored in the pit.
Single-strain mixed seeding This method is mainly used to mark plants that are well-grown and exhibit typical traits of the original cultivar at the flowering stage, and review it 2 or 3 times during the growth period. Once the marked plants are found to be sick or have other abnormalities, Should be cleared immediately. After careful review before harvesting, the well-developed labeled seed potatoes were collectively harvested, and tubers with typical traits of the original cultivars were collected and used as seed potatoes for the following year.
In the first year of plant selection, individual plants were selected, and the method was the same as the above-mentioned single plants. The harvested tubers were individually bagged and stored. The strains were compared in the second year and they were continuously compared for 2 to 3 generations. Each selected plantlet tuber species 10 to 20, forming a strain (preferably whole potato sowing). Observed during the fertility period, we eliminated the susceptible strains and selected the strains with high yield, consistent growth, and no "degenerative" symptoms as the next generation of excellent strains. In the third or fourth year, the tubers of the selected excellent strains were expanded and used as seed potatoes.
Summer sowing method
This method is one of the commonly used seed retention methods in single-season cultivation areas. Potato sowing in these areas is generally concentrated at the end of April or early May. As a main pest for virus transmission between potatoes, locusts reproduce in large numbers during the high temperature season in midsummer, resulting in serious potato virus disease and low seed potato quality. If the seed sowing time was postponed until the end of June to mid-July, the number of locusts after the emergence had been greatly reduced. In August, even if there was a small number of winged locusts in the rainy season, they would not be easy to move in the rainy season, thus reducing the chance of transmission of the virus. It can effectively avoid the peak period of aphid transmission and increase the quality of seed potatoes.
Seed production
Seed production with seeds is generally not obvious after three years of planting. In order to maintain the sustainable production growth of real raw potatoes, it is necessary to re-incubate the seedlings after three years of continuous planting and replace the raw potatoes in time. The main method is to establish a seed-retaining field by using raw potatoes produced from seedlings, and to provide seed potatoes for field production through the seed that is kept in the field.
Method for improving the breeding quantity of potato seed potato
In conventional production, potatoes are bred in tubers, and the propagation coefficient is generally 10-15 times. Due to the physiological characteristics that the potato can be propagated in multiple organs, the shoots and buds of the potato can be fully utilized for reproduction in actual production, and the propagation coefficient of the potato can be fully improved. If the operation method is proper, the propagation coefficient can generally be increased to hundreds or even thousands of times. Can speed up the production process of improved seeds.
Single bud method
There are at least one main bud and at least two accessory buds on each bud of the potato tuber. When the main bud germinates, the development of the accessory bud is inhibited. When the main bud is damaged, the secondary bud can germinate and develop into a plant. . This method is to make full use of multiple sprouts in each bud on the tuber to increase the number of breeding. Specific method of operation: 1 month before sowing, seed potatoes are placed in an environment of about 20°C for germination. When the seed potato sprouts, the seed potato is cut into pieces by buds. When the buds are cut, they start from the base, and the parts of the buds are spiraled toward the top. The base of the eye buds sparse, the cut can be appropriately larger, can be cut longitudinally from the middle of bud eyebrows, the bud eye cut into 2 pieces, the weight of a single cut to maintain more than 20 grams, this can increase the utilization rate of seedlings about 30%.
Axillary bud raising method
Some newly-introduced or newly-breeded varieties often have a small number of seed potatoes. Using this method, the number of seed potatoes can be rapidly increased to provide a stable source of original seed potatoes for large-scale breeding. Specific methods of operation: 2 to 3 months before the sowing of potatoes, seed potatoes will be placed in the greenhouse or hotbed nursery, in order to prevent sprouting leggy, to properly strengthen the light. When the buds are about 15 cm long, buds can be started. When axillary buds are sprouted, the sprouts are carefully plucked from the base of the seed buds and planted on a suitable warm bed. The planting depth is generally about 1/2 of the sprout height.
Then the seedlings were removed and the germinating seeds were returned to their original location, and the appropriate temperature and humidity continued to germinate, which promoted the germination of other accessory buds and carried out multiple axillary buds. Generally, individual seedlings could be sowed 3 or 4 times. Finally, the buds and tubers were planted on the production plots.
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