Alfalfa has high grass yield, good palatability, and its nutritional value ranks first among pastures. Therefore, it is also known as “Forage is kingâ€.苜蓿 is not only rich in important nutrients such as protein, minerals and vitamins, but also contains the essential amino acids, trace elements, and unknown growth factors required by animals. On the same land, alfalfa is about 2.5 times more digestible than gramineous forage, about 6 times more minerals, and about twice as digestible. The yield of nutrients per unit area is also higher than Other food crops. Wolfberry can be used as a good forage to promote the development of animal husbandry. This article summarizes the application methods and methods of alfalfa in livestock and poultry production. 1 Alfalfa Green Feeding Technology Green feeding is the most common method for feeding livestock and poultry, but it is important to pay attention to the best harvest time of alfalfa, and different growth stages affect the nutritional value of Alfalfa. The nutrient composition of alfalfa has a great relationship with the harvest time. The moisture content of alfalfa is higher in the growth stage, but as the growth stage prolongs, the dry matter content gradually increases, the protein content gradually decreases, the crude fiber increases significantly, and the lignification of the fiber occurs. Increase. Harvested too late, the largest harvest, the total amount of stems increased, the ratio of leaves to stems became smaller, the nutrient composition changed significantly, and the feed value decreased. Due to the large moisture content of pigs, pigs and pigs should pay attention to supplementing energy and protein feeds when they are fed green, and ruminants are prone to bloat after eating too much. They are generally used in combination with grasses. 2 The preparation and utilization of alfalfa hay is excellent. The alfalfa straw is good for all kinds of livestock and poultry, and it can replace some of the grain by feeding grass and livestock. According to the US study, the substitution rate is 1.6:1 according to the energy calculation, that is, 1.6. Kg hay is equivalent to the energy of 1kg grain. Cockroaches are rich in protein. For example, according to the comprehensive performance of energy and protein, the grain replacement rate of alfalfa can reach 1.2:1. There are many ways to modulate hay, including natural drying and artificial drying. The nutritive value of drying hay obtained by natural drying method is greatly related to the drying time. The content and digestibility of crude protein, crude ash and calcium decreased with the increase of the drying days, and the crude fiber content increased with the extension of drying days. The results of the statistical analysis of the relationship between the dry matter rate and its chemical composition in rice bran (1994) indicate that the key to improving the digestibility of alfalfa is to control the degree of lignification of alfalfa fibers and reduce crude protein loss. Therefore, timely harvesting and reduction of leaf loss during transportation and drying are very important because the protein content of alfalfa leaves accounts for more than 80% of the total strain. In the international community, the artificial rapid drying method has been used since the 1950s, and it has grown into a large-scale factory production in the 1960s. There are three main forms of artificial drying. 1, at room temperature, ventilation and drying - the use of high-speed wind, the moisture content of the semi-dry dried quickly; 2, low-temperature drying method - the use of 50 °C -70 °C or 120 °C -150 °C temperature to dry the moisture of the lotus root; 3, High-temperature rapid drying method - using high-temperature air flow (up to 1100°C) for several minutes or even seconds to reduce the moisture content to 10% to 12%. After high-temperature drying, the main method is to produce high-quality grass. Powder, grass or pellet feeds are used as protein and vitamin supplements for livestock and poultry to facilitate transportation, preservation and feed industry applications. At present, there is a large gap in the quality of high quality valerian products in the world, and China mainly exports to Japan, Italy and other countries. Wolfberry meal is a good vitamin and protein supplement feed for livestock and poultry. Can supply carotene, vitamin K, B2 and other B vitamins, yellow pigments and excellent protein. Artificial hay powder vitamin D is few, should pay attention to D3 supplement. Due to the poor ability of poultry to digest fiber, grade 1 grass powder should be used. The amount of wolfberry powder added to the hen's diet was 1%-2.5% 6 weeks ago, and it was 2.5%-5% from the 7th week to the egg production period. 2.5%-7% glutinous rice flour was added to the broiler breeder control body. Should be controlled at 1.5%-2.0%; duck and duck meal dosages are similar to those of layer and broiler chickens, but may be slightly higher; turkey dietary meal dosages are similar to those of layer and broiler chickens, but may be slightly higher; The amount of dietary meal in turkeys is larger, more than 5%, and up to 25%. Generally, piglets diets do not use lotus root meal. Growing and fattening pigs can account for 5%-15% of the diet, and sows can account for more than 10% of the diet. The proportion of lotus root flour in rabbit feed can be as high as 40%-70%; cattle and sheep dietary flour and urea can be used in combination to synergistically effect each other, and the utilization effect is significant. The content of lotus root flour is 50%-80%. The silage of silage and the use of silage silage or semi-dry silage, a small loss of nutrients, has the nutritional characteristics of green feed, good palatability, high digestibility, can be stored for a long time, most of the livestock industry in developed countries to hay as the focus of the modulation Changes in the use of silage. The following types of silage are mainly used. 3.1 Semi-dry silage Generally, silage towers are used for semi-dry silage preservation. The cost of silage towers is relatively high. In China, silage storage tanks are generally used. No matter which method is used, the key is to make the yam quickly dry to reduce the water content to 40%. % for silage. This silage combines the advantages of hay and silage. 3.2 Silage formic acid This is a method popularized abroad in recent years. The method is to add 85%-90% of acid 2.8kg-3kg per ton of silage raw material, and spray in layers. Formic acid in silage and rumen digestion can be decomposed into CO2 and CH4 that are non-toxic to livestock, and formic acid itself can also be absorbed and used by domestic animals. This silage is used to feed dairy calves with an average daily gain of 0.757 kg. -0.817kg, nearly 1 times higher than the normal silage weight gain. 3.3 Stretch film silage technology This is a new method adopted abroad in recent years, all mechanized operations. The operating procedures are: mowing - baling - bale - winding stretch film. Its main advantage is not affected by weather changes, long-term preservation, generally can be stored for 3 years -5 years, easy to use. 4 Utilization of Alfalfa Leaf Protein Alfalfa leaf protein (ALP) is a protein concentrate formed by pulverizing, pressing, solidifying, precipitating, and drying a timely harvested alfalfa. General crude protein 50%-60%, crude fiber 0.5%-2%, digestive energy 12.5MJ/kg-13.5MJ/kg, metabolic energy 12.4MJ/kg-12.9MJ/kg, and rich in vitamins, minerals And so on, large-scale production of fodder for fodder began in the 1960s. France, the U.S., and Australia have more research, and American feed has been added to ALP in a certain proportion; the production of ALP is about 0.89% of the yield in the field. There is a serious shortage of protein resources in our country, and the protein content of leaf protein can be comparable to that of soybean meal and fish meal. There is great potential for replacing some of the fishmeal and soybean meal in pig and poultry feed. ALP can replace 50%-70% of fish meal or meat and bone meal, and the digestibility of protein is improved. Replacement of 25%-50% of fishmeal or MBM in broiler diets with ALP has little effect on broiler weight gain. When this replaces 50%-75% of fish meal or meat and bone meal in chick diets, the survival rate can be increased by 3.4%-4.2%. ALP can replace 50% animal protein in 40-day-60-day-old pig diets. One-third of the soybean meal can replace 80% of animal protein in 61-day-105 days-old growing pigs and has no effect on pig growth. 5 Effect of alfalfa products on the quality of livestock and poultry products 5.1 Effect on the quality of poultry products The color of the egg yolk mainly depends on the content of lutein in the feed. For example, 60 mg lutein per kilogram of feed will produce a deeper yolk color. The egg and alfalfa flour contains abundant lutein, and contains about 240mg of lutein per kilogram of grass flour, which is 10 times more than that of yellow corn (22mg/kg). Huang Yude has reported that 5% of the hen's diet is added. The alfalfa meal resulted in an yolk color index of 9.7 in the added group, an increase of 3.4 compared to the non-addition group, and the difference was extremely significant. According to He Xin et al. (2001), consistent with Huang Yude's results, the addition of 5% alfalfa meal to layer diets had no adverse effect on egg production. However, the specific coloration of the yolks increased from 5.13 to 6.31. The difference was extremely significant. In addition, because the vitamin content in the eggs is affected by the feed, the quail is rich in vitamins, especially riboflavin, etc. The egg-laying poultry that feed quails increase the amount of vitamins contained in the eggs. Adding suitable wolfberry products in the diet of the meat and poultry can significantly improve the color of the meat, poultry, claws, and skin due to the action of lutein, which is bright yellow, and makes the meat delicious and increases the value of the goods. 5.2 Effects on Porcine Carcass Lean Meat Due to the different levels of crude protein in the feed, the carcass lean rate will be affected. Alfalfa products are high in protein and low in digestive energy (high in crude fiber content), so the appropriate proportion is added to the growing pigs' day. In the grain, it will increase the lean body fat rate of the carcasses and the meat will be tender, but it will have no effect on the pig production performance. Experiments by Bohman et al. (1953) showed that pigs fed on earthworms were consistently slimmer and had lower slaughter rates. Pigs fed with high levels of ticks had more hind legs, waist and shoulders, and less abdominal and back fat. Stahly and Cromwell (1986) added 10% dehydrated alfalfa meal to the diet at 10°C, resulting in a 3% reduction in backfat thickness. Tests in many states in the United States (1953-1955) showed that the growth of finishing pigs using 5%-15% of the quality of alfalfa meal can give good performance to growing pigs. 5.3 Effects on Milk Quality and Beef Quality 苜蓿 For the cattle industry, it is a high-quality forage grass, which can improve the milk fat percentage, and can also increase the vitamin content in milk, especially fat-soluble vitamins. Jiang Zhijie et al. (1982) fed dairy cows and semi-dry silage to dairy cows. Milk production increased significantly and milk fat percentage increased from 3.43% to 3.52%. Kirkpatrich et al. (1984) demonstrated that niobium can replace some of the concentrates in dairy cows and increase milk fat percentage without affecting milk production. Shaver (1986), Joanovic (1987), and Conlenbrander (1991) further confirmed this argument. Beef products should be properly used in beef cattle diets. In order to prevent the yellow color of beef, the use of lotus root starch in the fattening diet of Japanese beef cattle is not used. 6 Prospects The cultivation of alfalfa can not only promote the development of animal husbandry, increase income, but also make it possible to cultivate land. Maintain soil and water, improve soil, and optimize planting structure. With the development of science, the prospect of developing and producing functional foods with oysters is promising, and the market has great potential. China Agricultural Network Editor
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