First, energy feed
The energy feed is a feed containing less than 18% crude fiber in the dry matter of the feed and a crude protein content of less than 20%. Such feeds account for a large proportion of geese diets and are a major source of energy, including cereals and their processing by-products.
(a) Valley real class. Grain feeds include the seeds of food crops such as corn, barley, wheat, and sorghum. Its nutritional characteristics are high starch content, high effective energy value, low crude fiber content, good palatability, and easy digestion. However, the crude protein content is low, the amino acid composition is unbalanced, tryptophan, lysine, and methionine are less, and the biological value is low; in minerals, there is less calcium, more phosphorus, high phytate phosphorus content, and the geese are not easy to digest and absorb; . Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with protein feed, mineral feed and vitamin feed.
1. Corn: The king of corn is called feed. It has a large proportion in compound feeds. Its effective energy value is high, and its metabolic energy content is 13.5-14.04 MJ/kg. However, corn has a low protein content of only 7.5-8.7%, an imbalance of essential amino acids, and lack of mineral elements and vitamins. In the compound feed, other feeds and additives need to be added.
Yellow corn contains carotene and lutein, and plays an important role in keeping the yolk, skin, and foot [shielded]. When the crushed corn moisture is higher than 14%, it is susceptible to mildew and should be used promptly. For long-term storage, it should not be crushed.
2. Barley: Barley contains about 11.34 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy, which is lower than corn. The crude fiber content is higher than that of corn, but the crude protein content is higher, about 11%, and the quality is superior to other grains. The amount of barley used in the diet of geese is generally 15-30%, and goslings should be limited.
3. Wheat: Wheat has high energy content, metabolizable energy is about 12.5 MJ/kg, crude fiber is small, and palatability is good. Its crude protein content is the highest among cereals, up to 12-15%, but threonine, lysine Acid deficiency, calcium, phosphorus ratio is not appropriate, must be used with other feed.
4. Sorghum: The metabolic energy of sorghum is 12-13.7 MJ/kg. The protein content is comparable to that of corn, but its quality is poor. Other components are similar to corn. Sorghum contains more tannins, is bitter, poor in palatability, and affects the utilization of protein and minerals. Therefore, it should be used in limited quantities in geese diets and should not exceed 15%. The amount of low tannin sorghum can be appropriately increased.
5. Oatmeal: The metabolic energy of oat is about 11 MJ/kg, 9-11% of crude protein, more lysine, but the crude fiber content is also high, reaching 10%, so it is not suitable for goslings and geese. Use too much.
(b) bran. The bran feed is a by-product of grain milling or milling. Its nutrient feature is that nitrogen-free extracts have less feed than cereals, crude protein content and quality reside between leguminous seeds and grass seeds, and the crude fiber and crude fat content are relatively high, and they are easily rancid and metamorphosed. Most of the minerals contain phosphorus. The phytate form exists and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is not balanced. In addition, bran feed has a wide source, soft texture, and good palatability.
1, wheat bran: including wheat, barley and other bran, containing more protein, phosphorus, magnesium and B vitamins, good palatability, texture, fluffy, with laxative effect, is a common feed for feeding goose, but crude fiber content High, should control the dosage. General goose and egg production goose wheat bran consumption accounted for 5-15% of the diet, breeding period accounted for 10-25%.
2. Rice bran: Rice bran is a mixture of seed coat, aleurone layer, embryo and a small amount of endosperm that are separated when brown rice is processed into white rice. Its nutritional value is related to the degree of processing. Contains about 12% of crude protein, less calcium and more phosphorus, vitamin B group is rich, crude fat content is high, easily rancid degeneration, hot weather should not be long-term storage. Since there are many crude fiber in rice bran, which affects the digestibility, it should also be used in limited quantities. General goose rice bran consumption accounted for 5-10% of the diet, the breeding period accounts for 10-20%.
(c) Roots, tubers and melons. This type of feed has a high moisture content, which is generally 70-90% under natural conditions. Dry matter has high starch content, low fiber content, low protein content, lack of calcium and phosphorus, and vitamin content. Commonly used sweet potatoes, potatoes, carrots, pumpkins, etc., due to good palatability, gooses like to eat, but often can not meet the needs of nutrients, feeding should be combined with other feed.
Second, protein feed
Protein feed refers to feeds containing less than 18% crude fibre in dry matter and crude protein levels greater than or equal to 20%. Can be divided into vegetable protein feed, animal protein feed, single-cell protein feed and synthetic amino acids.
(a) Plant protein feeds. Plant protein feeds include leguminous seeds, cakes, and some bad residue feeds. Goose is commonly used as a forage meal. It is a by-product of legume oilseeds and oilseed oils. The blocky by-products after pressurization and extraction are called cakes, and the debris-like by-products after oil extraction are called BuB. Common soybean cake, rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, peanut cake and so on. The nutritional characteristics of this type of feed are high crude protein content, relatively balanced amino acids, and high biological value; crude fat content varies greatly due to different processing methods; generally, the oil content of cakes is higher than that of quinones; the crude fiber content and processing time Shell-free; minerals, calcium and less phosphorus; B vitamins rich in content. This type of feed often contains some anti-nutritional factors that should be used when used.
1. Soybean cakes and oysters: It is the best quality of all the cakes, with a protein content of 40-50%, a high lysine content, and good compatibility with corn, but the methionine content is low. In addition, raw soybean cakes and raw soybean meal contain anti-nutritional factors that affect the use of proteins. These harmful substances can be destroyed by heat treatment. However, improper heating can also cause thermal damage to proteins and affect the absorption and utilization of amino acids. Soybean cakes and loquats can be used as the sole source of protein feeds to meet the protein requirements of geese. Methionine and lysine are properly added, and amino acid balanced diets can be basically formulated.
2. Rapeseed cake and lotus root: The by-product of rapeseed after oil extraction is rapeseed cake. Its crude protein content is about 36%, and its methionine content is high, but the sulfur and glucose glucoside contained in it can be decomposed into toxic substances under the action of mustard enzyme, causing animal goiter, reduced hormone secretion, growth and reproduction blocked, and affecting intake the amount. Therefore, it should be limited to feed in the actual use, generally accounting for 5-8% of the diet, if used in conjunction with cottonseed cake better.
3, cottonseed cake, wolfberry: It is a by-product of cottonseed oil extraction, containing 32-37% of crude protein, crude protein of shelled cottonseed cake up to 40%, high arginine content, but low lysine and methionine content . The presence of free gossypol in cottonseed cakes (粕) will affect animal cells, blood, and reproductive function. The dosage should be controlled in the diet. Goslings and breeding geese should not exceed 8% and other geese should be 10-15%.
(b) Animal protein feeds. This type of feed is mainly a by-product of the processing of aquatic products, meat, milk and egg products, as well as waste from slaughterhouses and tanneries and cocoons from reeling factories. Its common features are high protein content, good quality, rich minerals, proper proportions, rich B-vitamins, and another feature is that it contains very few carbohydrates and contains no cellulose, so it has high digestibility but contains a certain amount of oil, It is susceptible to rancidity, affects product quality, and is easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria.
1. Fishmeal: Fishmeal is generally made from whole fish such as squid and sardine, as the price of fishmeal is more expensive. The amount used in geese diet generally does not exceed 5%, which is mainly used with vegetable protein feeds.
2, meat and bone meal: from animal waste and discarded carcasses, after high temperature and autoclaving products. Due to different sources of raw materials, the proportion of bones varies, and the content of nutrients varies greatly. In geese diets, about 5% can be matched.
3. Blood meal: It is a product made by drying the blood obtained from animal slaughter. It contains more than 80% of crude protein and 6-7% of lysine, but isoleucine is severely deficient and methionine is also less. Due to the different processing techniques of blood meal, the utilization of proteins and amino acids is greatly different. Blood meal contains more iron, calcium and phosphorus, poor palatability, should not be used in the diet, usually 1-3% of the diet.
4, feather powder: body feathers by steam pressure hydrolysis, dry crushed. Contains more than 83% of crude protein, but poor protein quality, low lysine, methionine and tryptophan content, high cystine content. Feather powder is poor in palatability, and the dosage should be controlled during use. Generally, the diet does not exceed 3%.
5. Silkworm cocoon powder: It is a product of silkworm cocoon drying and crushing. It contains high fat and is easily rancid and deteriorated, affecting the quality of meat and eggs. The defatted cocoon powder contains 60-68% of protein, containing higher levels of methionine, lysine, and riboflavin. It can be used in geese diets with about 5%.
(c) Single cell protein feeds. This type of feed is a protein feed made from a variety of microorganisms, including yeast, non-pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and algae. Feed yeast is used more often in feeds.
The feed yeast contains 40-50% crude protein. The biological value of the protein is between the animal protein and the vegetable protein. The lysine content is high, the methionine content is low, and the B vitamins are abundant. Adding to the diet can improve protein quality, supplement B vitamins, and increase feed utilization efficiency. Feed yeast has a bitter taste and poor palatability, and the proportion in the diet is generally not more than 5%.
(d) Amino acids. Amino acids belong to the protein feed according to the international feed classification, but they are customarily called amino acid additives in production. The feed-grade amino acids currently produced industrially include methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and glycine. Among them, methionine and lysine are the most vulnerable and are [masked] amino acids, and thus are used in production. Application is more common.
The energy feed is a feed containing less than 18% crude fiber in the dry matter of the feed and a crude protein content of less than 20%. Such feeds account for a large proportion of geese diets and are a major source of energy, including cereals and their processing by-products.
(a) Valley real class. Grain feeds include the seeds of food crops such as corn, barley, wheat, and sorghum. Its nutritional characteristics are high starch content, high effective energy value, low crude fiber content, good palatability, and easy digestion. However, the crude protein content is low, the amino acid composition is unbalanced, tryptophan, lysine, and methionine are less, and the biological value is low; in minerals, there is less calcium, more phosphorus, high phytate phosphorus content, and the geese are not easy to digest and absorb; . Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with protein feed, mineral feed and vitamin feed.
1. Corn: The king of corn is called feed. It has a large proportion in compound feeds. Its effective energy value is high, and its metabolic energy content is 13.5-14.04 MJ/kg. However, corn has a low protein content of only 7.5-8.7%, an imbalance of essential amino acids, and lack of mineral elements and vitamins. In the compound feed, other feeds and additives need to be added.
Yellow corn contains carotene and lutein, and plays an important role in keeping the yolk, skin, and foot [shielded]. When the crushed corn moisture is higher than 14%, it is susceptible to mildew and should be used promptly. For long-term storage, it should not be crushed.
2. Barley: Barley contains about 11.34 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy, which is lower than corn. The crude fiber content is higher than that of corn, but the crude protein content is higher, about 11%, and the quality is superior to other grains. The amount of barley used in the diet of geese is generally 15-30%, and goslings should be limited.
3. Wheat: Wheat has high energy content, metabolizable energy is about 12.5 MJ/kg, crude fiber is small, and palatability is good. Its crude protein content is the highest among cereals, up to 12-15%, but threonine, lysine Acid deficiency, calcium, phosphorus ratio is not appropriate, must be used with other feed.
4. Sorghum: The metabolic energy of sorghum is 12-13.7 MJ/kg. The protein content is comparable to that of corn, but its quality is poor. Other components are similar to corn. Sorghum contains more tannins, is bitter, poor in palatability, and affects the utilization of protein and minerals. Therefore, it should be used in limited quantities in geese diets and should not exceed 15%. The amount of low tannin sorghum can be appropriately increased.
5. Oatmeal: The metabolic energy of oat is about 11 MJ/kg, 9-11% of crude protein, more lysine, but the crude fiber content is also high, reaching 10%, so it is not suitable for goslings and geese. Use too much.
(b) bran. The bran feed is a by-product of grain milling or milling. Its nutrient feature is that nitrogen-free extracts have less feed than cereals, crude protein content and quality reside between leguminous seeds and grass seeds, and the crude fiber and crude fat content are relatively high, and they are easily rancid and metamorphosed. Most of the minerals contain phosphorus. The phytate form exists and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is not balanced. In addition, bran feed has a wide source, soft texture, and good palatability.
1, wheat bran: including wheat, barley and other bran, containing more protein, phosphorus, magnesium and B vitamins, good palatability, texture, fluffy, with laxative effect, is a common feed for feeding goose, but crude fiber content High, should control the dosage. General goose and egg production goose wheat bran consumption accounted for 5-15% of the diet, breeding period accounted for 10-25%.
2. Rice bran: Rice bran is a mixture of seed coat, aleurone layer, embryo and a small amount of endosperm that are separated when brown rice is processed into white rice. Its nutritional value is related to the degree of processing. Contains about 12% of crude protein, less calcium and more phosphorus, vitamin B group is rich, crude fat content is high, easily rancid degeneration, hot weather should not be long-term storage. Since there are many crude fiber in rice bran, which affects the digestibility, it should also be used in limited quantities. General goose rice bran consumption accounted for 5-10% of the diet, the breeding period accounts for 10-20%.
(c) Roots, tubers and melons. This type of feed has a high moisture content, which is generally 70-90% under natural conditions. Dry matter has high starch content, low fiber content, low protein content, lack of calcium and phosphorus, and vitamin content. Commonly used sweet potatoes, potatoes, carrots, pumpkins, etc., due to good palatability, gooses like to eat, but often can not meet the needs of nutrients, feeding should be combined with other feed.
Second, protein feed
Protein feed refers to feeds containing less than 18% crude fibre in dry matter and crude protein levels greater than or equal to 20%. Can be divided into vegetable protein feed, animal protein feed, single-cell protein feed and synthetic amino acids.
(a) Plant protein feeds. Plant protein feeds include leguminous seeds, cakes, and some bad residue feeds. Goose is commonly used as a forage meal. It is a by-product of legume oilseeds and oilseed oils. The blocky by-products after pressurization and extraction are called cakes, and the debris-like by-products after oil extraction are called BuB. Common soybean cake, rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, peanut cake and so on. The nutritional characteristics of this type of feed are high crude protein content, relatively balanced amino acids, and high biological value; crude fat content varies greatly due to different processing methods; generally, the oil content of cakes is higher than that of quinones; the crude fiber content and processing time Shell-free; minerals, calcium and less phosphorus; B vitamins rich in content. This type of feed often contains some anti-nutritional factors that should be used when used.
1. Soybean cakes and oysters: It is the best quality of all the cakes, with a protein content of 40-50%, a high lysine content, and good compatibility with corn, but the methionine content is low. In addition, raw soybean cakes and raw soybean meal contain anti-nutritional factors that affect the use of proteins. These harmful substances can be destroyed by heat treatment. However, improper heating can also cause thermal damage to proteins and affect the absorption and utilization of amino acids. Soybean cakes and loquats can be used as the sole source of protein feeds to meet the protein requirements of geese. Methionine and lysine are properly added, and amino acid balanced diets can be basically formulated.
2. Rapeseed cake and lotus root: The by-product of rapeseed after oil extraction is rapeseed cake. Its crude protein content is about 36%, and its methionine content is high, but the sulfur and glucose glucoside contained in it can be decomposed into toxic substances under the action of mustard enzyme, causing animal goiter, reduced hormone secretion, growth and reproduction blocked, and affecting intake the amount. Therefore, it should be limited to feed in the actual use, generally accounting for 5-8% of the diet, if used in conjunction with cottonseed cake better.
3, cottonseed cake, wolfberry: It is a by-product of cottonseed oil extraction, containing 32-37% of crude protein, crude protein of shelled cottonseed cake up to 40%, high arginine content, but low lysine and methionine content . The presence of free gossypol in cottonseed cakes (粕) will affect animal cells, blood, and reproductive function. The dosage should be controlled in the diet. Goslings and breeding geese should not exceed 8% and other geese should be 10-15%.
(b) Animal protein feeds. This type of feed is mainly a by-product of the processing of aquatic products, meat, milk and egg products, as well as waste from slaughterhouses and tanneries and cocoons from reeling factories. Its common features are high protein content, good quality, rich minerals, proper proportions, rich B-vitamins, and another feature is that it contains very few carbohydrates and contains no cellulose, so it has high digestibility but contains a certain amount of oil, It is susceptible to rancidity, affects product quality, and is easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria.
1. Fishmeal: Fishmeal is generally made from whole fish such as squid and sardine, as the price of fishmeal is more expensive. The amount used in geese diet generally does not exceed 5%, which is mainly used with vegetable protein feeds.
2, meat and bone meal: from animal waste and discarded carcasses, after high temperature and autoclaving products. Due to different sources of raw materials, the proportion of bones varies, and the content of nutrients varies greatly. In geese diets, about 5% can be matched.
3. Blood meal: It is a product made by drying the blood obtained from animal slaughter. It contains more than 80% of crude protein and 6-7% of lysine, but isoleucine is severely deficient and methionine is also less. Due to the different processing techniques of blood meal, the utilization of proteins and amino acids is greatly different. Blood meal contains more iron, calcium and phosphorus, poor palatability, should not be used in the diet, usually 1-3% of the diet.
4, feather powder: body feathers by steam pressure hydrolysis, dry crushed. Contains more than 83% of crude protein, but poor protein quality, low lysine, methionine and tryptophan content, high cystine content. Feather powder is poor in palatability, and the dosage should be controlled during use. Generally, the diet does not exceed 3%.
5. Silkworm cocoon powder: It is a product of silkworm cocoon drying and crushing. It contains high fat and is easily rancid and deteriorated, affecting the quality of meat and eggs. The defatted cocoon powder contains 60-68% of protein, containing higher levels of methionine, lysine, and riboflavin. It can be used in geese diets with about 5%.
(c) Single cell protein feeds. This type of feed is a protein feed made from a variety of microorganisms, including yeast, non-pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and algae. Feed yeast is used more often in feeds.
The feed yeast contains 40-50% crude protein. The biological value of the protein is between the animal protein and the vegetable protein. The lysine content is high, the methionine content is low, and the B vitamins are abundant. Adding to the diet can improve protein quality, supplement B vitamins, and increase feed utilization efficiency. Feed yeast has a bitter taste and poor palatability, and the proportion in the diet is generally not more than 5%.
(d) Amino acids. Amino acids belong to the protein feed according to the international feed classification, but they are customarily called amino acid additives in production. The feed-grade amino acids currently produced industrially include methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and glycine. Among them, methionine and lysine are the most vulnerable and are [masked] amino acids, and thus are used in production. Application is more common.
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