First, the general symptoms of crop nutrient deficiency (1) Nitrogen deficiency shoots are fine and short, leaves stand upright, leaf color turns green and turns yellow, petiole, veins and surface become red; flowers are less fruit, fruit is early mature, it is easy to fall off, the root system Development is not sound, more fine roots, less roots, new roots yellow.
(2) Phosphorus deficiency is characterized by slow growth of seedlings, poor root development, and reduced tillering. The base of the stem is purple, the leaves are dark green, purplish, and the grain is not full.
(3) In the initial stage of potassium deficiency, the tips of the lower leaves turned yellow and gradually yellowed along the edges of the leaves, but the veins on both sides of the leaves and the midribs remained the original green color. In severe cases, it will gradually develop upward from the lower leaves, eventually leading to large yellow leaves, and the edges of the leaves will be fiery.
2. The nutrients required for scientific and rational fertilization of crops are composed of soil supply and fertilization. The total amount of nutrients needed for crop growth, minus the portion of soil that can be provided, is the amount of nutrients that need to be fertilized. The so-called scientific and rational fertilization means to “make up for what is lacking and eat without being wasted†and must rely on scientific means to understand the conditions of crops, soils, and fertilizers, just as they used to say, “Look at the sky, look at the earth, look at the crops. ".
Formula fertilization must follow the combination of organic and inorganic materials, the combination of large quantities, medium quantities, and trace elements, the combination of land use and land management, and the principle of balance between inputs and outputs, and adopt scientific and reasonable fertilizer measures.
(1) Deep application of cover soil, such as deep nitrogen fertilizer, can effectively prevent the loss of nutrients and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. According to the test, the utilization rate of ammonium bicarbonate deep underground is 50%, while the utilization rate of ground surface application is only about 28%; the utilization rate of underground urea is between 35% and 50%, and surface subsurface application The utilization rate is much lower.
(2) Change blindly fertilization In order to look at the sky, see the land, and see crops fertilize, “seeing the sky†is to see whether temperature, humidity, rainfall, light, and other climate factors have any effect on fertilizer efficiency. When the temperature is high, topdressing urea is preferred, and when the temperature is low, ammonium bicarbonate may be topdressed. "Look at the ground" is due to soil fertilization. For example, clay soils have strong fertility, and the amount of nitrogen can be larger. Sandy soils have poor fertility, and top dressing should be based on the principle of “eat less foodâ€. “Seeing crops†is based on the demand of different crops for nutrients, finding out the factors affecting the yield of the soil and the peak demand of various crops for fertilizers, and formulating fertilization according to the characteristics of fertilizers.
(3) The single fertilizer was changed to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers according to factors such as the fertilizer supply performance of different soils, the fertilizer requirement laws of crops, and the utilization ratio of chemical fertilizers to reasonably ratio nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. The nitrogen and phosphorus elements needed by crops are most closely related to each other and have mutual promoting effects. According to the survey, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer alone is only 35.3%, and the utilization ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus can be increased to 51.7%.
(4) Organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers are used in combination with organic fertilizers with complete nutrients and long-lasting fertilizer effects. Fertilizers have a single nutrient, but they have high contents and are effective. The combination of the two can complement each other and improve fertilizer efficiency. According to the experiment, the use of poultry trophy in combination with ammonium bicarbonate, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate resulted in an increase in yield of more than 10% compared to single-use and other quantitative fertilizers.
(5) Centralized applications such as phosphate fertilizers have poor mobility and are easily fixed by iron, aluminum, and calcium in the soil and lose their fertility. Therefore, they should be applied to the soil layer where the roots grow, and the phosphorus is fixed around the seeds and roots. , Facilitate absorption according to the Department, increase fertilizer utilization.
Third, the general knowledge of fertilizer science (a), the nutrient content of commonly used fertilizer varieties
1. Nitrogen fertilizer: ammonium bicarbonate (N) 17%, urea (N) 46%, ammonium sulfate (N) 21%;
2. Phosphate fertilizer: 12-18% of superphosphate (P2O5) and 12-18% of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus (P2O5);
3. Potassium fertilizer: 60% potassium chloride (K2O) and 50% potassium sulfate (K2O).
(two), the correct use of farmyard fertilizer
1. Compost: Weeds and rubbish are used as raw materials, which can be used according to local conditions. It is best to combine spring and autumn tillage as base fertilizer.
2. Green manure: It is best to make base fertilizer or top dressing for legume crops, and use the nitrogen fixation effect of rhizobia to increase soil fertility.
3, pig manure: organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, decomposing pig manure can be applied to a variety of soils, especially for the well-drained hot soil.
4, human excrement: fermentation can be used directly after maturity, can also be mixed with soil made of large excreta as topdressing.
5, poultry fat: high nutrient content, can be used for fertilizer and top dressing, the most suitable for vegetables.
(3) Fertilizers not suitable for mixing
1, urea should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
2. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be mixed with grass ash, human waste, potassium chloride, phosphate rock, calcium magnesium phosphate, ammonium chloride and urea.
3, superphosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
4, potassium dihydrogen phosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
5, ammonium sulfate should not be mixed with ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium water, grass ash and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
6, ammonium chloride should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
7, ammonium nitrate should not be mixed with plant ash, ammonium water, kiln ash potash, fresh manure and compost.
Fourth, formula fertilization how to calculate the amount of fertilizer
1. Suppose that the recommended fertilizer amount for the plot is N20 pounds/mu per mu, P2O58 pounds/mu, and K2O13.4 pounds/mu. For single fertilization, the calculation method is: the effective content of the recommended fertilizer is quantified fertilizer = quantity that should be fertilized. The following results can be obtained: urea (with a nitrogen content of 46%) is 2046% = 43.5 (pounds); applied calcium (with a phosphorus pentoxide content of 12%) is 812% = 66.7 (pounds); Potassium chloride (whose potassium oxide content is 60%) is 13.460% = 22.3 (pounds).
2. If compound fertilizer is applied, the recommended fertilizer amount on the formula fertilization table should be used to calculate the fertilizer with the least amount of compound fertilizer, and then add the other two fertilizers. If the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium marked on the compound fertilizer bag in the above picture is 12:4:9, the compound fertilizer should be applied on this plot: 13.49% = 148.9 (pounds). In this way, the potassium in the soil already meets the needs of the crop. Therefore, additional two types of unit fertilizers need to be added for supplementation. The formula is: (recommended fertilizer amount - applied fertilizer amount) The effective content of chemical fertilizer to be applied is equal to the amount of additional fertilizer. The plot has applied 148.9 kg of compound fertilizer with 12%, 4%, and 9% of NPK content, which is equivalent to 17.9 kg pure nitrogen, 6 kg pure phosphorus, and 13.4 kg pure potassium. According to the above recommended fertilization amount of 20 kg of pure nitrogen, P2O58 pounds of the needs, but also need to increase: urea (20-17.9) 46% = 4.6 (pounds), calcium (8-6) 12% = 16.7 (pounds).
(2) Phosphorus deficiency is characterized by slow growth of seedlings, poor root development, and reduced tillering. The base of the stem is purple, the leaves are dark green, purplish, and the grain is not full.
(3) In the initial stage of potassium deficiency, the tips of the lower leaves turned yellow and gradually yellowed along the edges of the leaves, but the veins on both sides of the leaves and the midribs remained the original green color. In severe cases, it will gradually develop upward from the lower leaves, eventually leading to large yellow leaves, and the edges of the leaves will be fiery.
2. The nutrients required for scientific and rational fertilization of crops are composed of soil supply and fertilization. The total amount of nutrients needed for crop growth, minus the portion of soil that can be provided, is the amount of nutrients that need to be fertilized. The so-called scientific and rational fertilization means to “make up for what is lacking and eat without being wasted†and must rely on scientific means to understand the conditions of crops, soils, and fertilizers, just as they used to say, “Look at the sky, look at the earth, look at the crops. ".
Formula fertilization must follow the combination of organic and inorganic materials, the combination of large quantities, medium quantities, and trace elements, the combination of land use and land management, and the principle of balance between inputs and outputs, and adopt scientific and reasonable fertilizer measures.
(1) Deep application of cover soil, such as deep nitrogen fertilizer, can effectively prevent the loss of nutrients and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. According to the test, the utilization rate of ammonium bicarbonate deep underground is 50%, while the utilization rate of ground surface application is only about 28%; the utilization rate of underground urea is between 35% and 50%, and surface subsurface application The utilization rate is much lower.
(2) Change blindly fertilization In order to look at the sky, see the land, and see crops fertilize, “seeing the sky†is to see whether temperature, humidity, rainfall, light, and other climate factors have any effect on fertilizer efficiency. When the temperature is high, topdressing urea is preferred, and when the temperature is low, ammonium bicarbonate may be topdressed. "Look at the ground" is due to soil fertilization. For example, clay soils have strong fertility, and the amount of nitrogen can be larger. Sandy soils have poor fertility, and top dressing should be based on the principle of “eat less foodâ€. “Seeing crops†is based on the demand of different crops for nutrients, finding out the factors affecting the yield of the soil and the peak demand of various crops for fertilizers, and formulating fertilization according to the characteristics of fertilizers.
(3) The single fertilizer was changed to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers according to factors such as the fertilizer supply performance of different soils, the fertilizer requirement laws of crops, and the utilization ratio of chemical fertilizers to reasonably ratio nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. The nitrogen and phosphorus elements needed by crops are most closely related to each other and have mutual promoting effects. According to the survey, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer alone is only 35.3%, and the utilization ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus can be increased to 51.7%.
(4) Organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers are used in combination with organic fertilizers with complete nutrients and long-lasting fertilizer effects. Fertilizers have a single nutrient, but they have high contents and are effective. The combination of the two can complement each other and improve fertilizer efficiency. According to the experiment, the use of poultry trophy in combination with ammonium bicarbonate, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate resulted in an increase in yield of more than 10% compared to single-use and other quantitative fertilizers.
(5) Centralized applications such as phosphate fertilizers have poor mobility and are easily fixed by iron, aluminum, and calcium in the soil and lose their fertility. Therefore, they should be applied to the soil layer where the roots grow, and the phosphorus is fixed around the seeds and roots. , Facilitate absorption according to the Department, increase fertilizer utilization.
Third, the general knowledge of fertilizer science (a), the nutrient content of commonly used fertilizer varieties
1. Nitrogen fertilizer: ammonium bicarbonate (N) 17%, urea (N) 46%, ammonium sulfate (N) 21%;
2. Phosphate fertilizer: 12-18% of superphosphate (P2O5) and 12-18% of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus (P2O5);
3. Potassium fertilizer: 60% potassium chloride (K2O) and 50% potassium sulfate (K2O).
(two), the correct use of farmyard fertilizer
1. Compost: Weeds and rubbish are used as raw materials, which can be used according to local conditions. It is best to combine spring and autumn tillage as base fertilizer.
2. Green manure: It is best to make base fertilizer or top dressing for legume crops, and use the nitrogen fixation effect of rhizobia to increase soil fertility.
3, pig manure: organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, decomposing pig manure can be applied to a variety of soils, especially for the well-drained hot soil.
4, human excrement: fermentation can be used directly after maturity, can also be mixed with soil made of large excreta as topdressing.
5, poultry fat: high nutrient content, can be used for fertilizer and top dressing, the most suitable for vegetables.
(3) Fertilizers not suitable for mixing
1, urea should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
2. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be mixed with grass ash, human waste, potassium chloride, phosphate rock, calcium magnesium phosphate, ammonium chloride and urea.
3, superphosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
4, potassium dihydrogen phosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
5, ammonium sulfate should not be mixed with ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium water, grass ash and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
6, ammonium chloride should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potash fertilizer.
7, ammonium nitrate should not be mixed with plant ash, ammonium water, kiln ash potash, fresh manure and compost.
Fourth, formula fertilization how to calculate the amount of fertilizer
1. Suppose that the recommended fertilizer amount for the plot is N20 pounds/mu per mu, P2O58 pounds/mu, and K2O13.4 pounds/mu. For single fertilization, the calculation method is: the effective content of the recommended fertilizer is quantified fertilizer = quantity that should be fertilized. The following results can be obtained: urea (with a nitrogen content of 46%) is 2046% = 43.5 (pounds); applied calcium (with a phosphorus pentoxide content of 12%) is 812% = 66.7 (pounds); Potassium chloride (whose potassium oxide content is 60%) is 13.460% = 22.3 (pounds).
2. If compound fertilizer is applied, the recommended fertilizer amount on the formula fertilization table should be used to calculate the fertilizer with the least amount of compound fertilizer, and then add the other two fertilizers. If the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium marked on the compound fertilizer bag in the above picture is 12:4:9, the compound fertilizer should be applied on this plot: 13.49% = 148.9 (pounds). In this way, the potassium in the soil already meets the needs of the crop. Therefore, additional two types of unit fertilizers need to be added for supplementation. The formula is: (recommended fertilizer amount - applied fertilizer amount) The effective content of chemical fertilizer to be applied is equal to the amount of additional fertilizer. The plot has applied 148.9 kg of compound fertilizer with 12%, 4%, and 9% of NPK content, which is equivalent to 17.9 kg pure nitrogen, 6 kg pure phosphorus, and 13.4 kg pure potassium. According to the above recommended fertilization amount of 20 kg of pure nitrogen, P2O58 pounds of the needs, but also need to increase: urea (20-17.9) 46% = 4.6 (pounds), calcium (8-6) 12% = 16.7 (pounds).
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