Most of the soil's nitrogen can not meet the crop's demand for nitrogen nutrients, which depends on fertilization to supplement and regulate. In addition to chemical nitrogen fertilizers, organic fertilizers, legume green manures, algae, arborvitae, and rainfall and irrigation water all increase soil nitrogen. After the nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil, the ratio of absorption and utilization by the crop is not high, and the loss is serious, especially when applied to the soil of rice. The unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the cost of agriculture on the one hand, and cause harm to the environment on the other. The loss of nitrous oxide gas may damage the ozone layer. Therefore, the scientific and rational application of nitrogen fertilizer not only can reduce agricultural costs, increase crop production, but also contribute to environmental protection. This is particularly important for us as a big country in agriculture. The whereabouts of nitrogen fertilizers in farmland (1) The nitrogen fertilizer desorption nitrogen has three directions after it is applied to the soil. Part of the nitrogen is absorbed and utilized by the current crop, and part of it is left in the soil, and the other part is lost from the soil-crop system. Residues of nitrogen in the soil, although not contributing to the current season crop, can keep the soil at least level and change for later season crop types, environmental conditions, fertilization periods, and methods. There is a competitive relationship between them, and the proportion of one to go increases, and the proportion of the other two to go decreases. Roughly speaking, the absorption and utilization of crops in the season is generally 30 to 50%, the loss of nitrogen can reach 20 to 60%, and the residual in soil is about 25 to 35%. (B) Losses of Nitrogen Fertilizer Losses of nitrogen fertilizers are mainly caused by leaching, runoff, and gaseous nitrogen. The loss of gaseous nitrogen includes ammonia volatilization and denitrification. The main products of denitrification are nitrogen and nitrous oxide gas. In paddy soils, leaching losses are generally low, and nitrogen is mainly lost through nitrogen volatilization and denitrification. In addition to the loss of gaseous nitrogen, the leaching loss cannot be ignored in the soil of dry crops, especially in areas with heavy rainfall and light soil texture. Heavy rain, heavy rain or improper irrigation may cause loss of runoff from nitrogen fertilizers. Obviously, the runoff losses in the hilly areas are more serious than those in the plain areas. Afforestation, terrace construction and reasonable irrigation all reduce the loss of soil and nitrogen. Ammonia volatilization losses are prone to occur under alkaline conditions. Therefore, ammonia volatilization on calcareous or alkaline soils is much more severe than on acidic soils. Denitrification needs to be carried out under anaerobic conditions, so denitrification losses in rice fields are generally greater than those in dry lands. The high temperature not only promotes the volatilization of ammonia but also facilitates the denitrification. Nitrogen losses and loss pathways are closely related to soil properties, crop cultivation systems, and climate and environmental conditions, and are also affected by agricultural measures. After clarifying the ways of loss of nitrogen fertilizers, it is beneficial to take corresponding measures to reduce losses and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizers. (3) Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization There are two ways to measure nitrogen use efficiency, tracer method and difference method. When using the tracer method to determine the nitrogen use efficiency, 15n fertilizer should be applied. The percentage of 15 n absorbed by crops in the amount of 15 n applied is the nitrogen use efficiency. When using the difference method to determine the nitrogen use efficiency, only general commercial nitrogen fertilizers should be used, and a nitrogen-free zone should be set at the same time, that is, a test zone without nitrogen fertilizer. The percentage of nitrogen uptake between the nitrogen-applied area and the nitrogen-free area accounts for the percentage of nitrogen applied, which is the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate measured by the difference method and is usually referred to as the apparent nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. The apparent nitrogen fertilizer utilization value is greater than the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate measured by the tracer method. According to different researches and objects, determine which method to use. For example, the apparent nitrogen fertilizer utilization needs to be determined when determining the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the tracer method is required to determine the fate of the nitrogen fertilizer. Determination of Nitrogen Fertilizer Amount Determination of the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer is very important in application. The application rate is too low and crop yields affect the effect. If the application rate is too high, the cost will be high and the economic benefit will be low; and if the application rate is too high, it may also lead to crop reduction and harm to the environment. When determining the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the maximum economic benefit, that is, the electronic good economic output and the highest production is the basis. In general, multi-point field trials are used to set up multiple levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatment at each test point, so as to obtain the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer for each test point. In this way, after the best N-fertilizer usage in each area of ​​a region or a certain crop is determined through field experiments, the average value can be recommended as a large area of ​​the area. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer can also be estimated based on the balance between supply and demand. The amount of nitrogen that can be applied under the conditions of cultivation and cultivation measures in a certain land, f (0.5 kg nitrogen/mu*), can be calculated according to the following formula. f = d s / e Where: d—a crop reaches a certain yield, the total amount of nitrogen absorbed at maturity, 0.5 kg of nitrogen/mu; s—amount of soil nitrogen supply, 0.5 kg of nitrogen/acre, ie not applied. The amount of total nitrogen absorbed by the crop when mature under nitrogen fertilizer conditions; e—the apparent nitrogen use efficiency of the crop, %. (See the book "Recommended fertilization method and applicability in our country".) Basic requirements for rational application of nitrogen fertilizers The basic requirements for rational application of nitrogen fertilizers, in addition to determining the appropriate application amount, should also pay attention to the following points: (a) nitrogen fertilizer quantity Reasonable allocation of varieties and varieties Rational allocation of nitrogen fertilizers is an important means to increase the total crop yield. At present, in some areas, the soil itself is rich in nitrogen, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is quite high. On the contrary, some low-yield areas do not receive adequate amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. If conditions are possible, more nitrogen fertilizer should be allocated to low-yield and poor-soil areas to increase the total yield of nitrogen fertilizer. The rational use of nitrogen fertilizers is also important. If nitrogen fertilizers are introduced into rice fields, serious denitrification losses will occur, and if ammonium chloride is applied to chlorine-tolerant crops, the quality of crops will be affected. It is hypothesized that the application of ammonium thiosulfate to sulfur-depleted soils will help improve soil sulfur levels and crop nutrient sulphur. (B) The combination of nitrogen fertilizer and other fertilizers The crop needs a lot of nutrient elements, in addition to nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium. In addition, crops also need calcium, magnesium, sulfur and other nutrients, boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, copper and other trace nutrients. Lack of any nutrient element will affect the normal development and yield of crops. When the extreme lack of a certain nutrient elements, the growth of the crops will love serious obstacles, and even crop failure. Therefore, in the application of nitrogen fertilizer should pay attention to other nutrients with insufficient supply of soil, especially the combined application of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, in order to achieve the balance of nutrient balance. In the case of high-yield and high-level nitrogen fertilizers, the demand for other nutrients from the crops increases, and it is more important to use other fertilizers in combination with them. Organic manure, including human and animal manure, compost, straw, etc., contains a variety of nutrient elements, and most of the nitrogen in organic manure is released slowly, and the fertilizer effect is stable and long. In combination with chemical nitrogen fertilizer, the effect is generally good. In short, the creation of coordinated nutrient conditions is an important aspect of increasing nitrogen fertilizer yield. In addition, a good soil environment and water conditions are also conducive to the production of nitrogen fertilizers. (C) Different types and varieties of crops in the period of nitrogen fertilizer application have different requirements for nitrogen. For example, a double-cropping early rice has a peak of nitrogen requirement within three weeks after the transfer, while single-season late rice has two peaks of nitrogen demand at the peak of tillering and panicle differentiation. The inconsistencies in the characteristics of soil nitrogen supply and the characteristics of crop nitrogen requirements can be adjusted through the appropriate period of nitrogen fertilizer application. Measures to Reduce Nitrogen Loss and Improve Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization Currently, the measures to reduce nitrogen losses mainly include the following aspects. (a) A large number of field trials with mixed application, deep application and water management showed that compared with nitrogen fertilizer application, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the soil layer or applying a depth of a few centimeters below the soil surface can reduce nitrogen loss. . The nitrogen fertilizer is used as a granular fertilizer with a size of a few millimeters or 1 centimeter for deep application, and the effect is better. Rice field trials have shown that deep application of granular fertilizer can achieve the same level of yield as the application of powdered fertilizer, while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by about 1/3. However, in areas with high rainfall, light soil texture, and potential leaching losses, it is prudent to adopt deeper measures. Both mixed application and deep application have the effect of reducing the loss of ammonia volatilization and denitrification. Appropriate water management can also achieve the purpose of increasing nitrogen fertilizer yield. For example, the application of basal fertilizer on paddy fields is mostly mixed with a water layer. The effect of this mixed application is very poor. Most of the nitrogen is still left in the surface water, and the nitrogen mixed in the soil is only a small part. When the water-free layer is mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and then watered, more nitrogen can be mixed into the soil to reduce the total concentration of ammonium and ammonia nitrogen in the surface water, thereby reducing nitrogen loss. In addition, the rice fields are dried and nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the water and then water is poured to allow the water to bring the fertilizer into the soil. This method of using nitrogen as a water is also a measure to reduce nitrogen loss. (2) Slow-effect (long-lasting) fertilizers The slow-acting fertilizers are produced by coating the surface of granular nitrogen fertilizer with a layer of film to gradually release soluble nitrogen for absorption and utilization by crops. This facilitates crop absorption and reduces nitrogen loss. Biological fixation. The application of slow-acting fertilizers can reduce the loss of nitrogen to a certain extent at least, but due to its high price, the object of application should mainly be economic crops. (C) Fertilization period According to the characteristics of crop nitrogen requirements selected fertilization period, crops can transfer more of their absorbed nitrogen to economic output. Otherwise, anti-hundred anti-hundred crops will have a high nitrogen content of straw in crops with high grain yield and high grain yield. For crops with longer growing seasons, in addition to applying base fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers should be applied one to several times depending on the characteristics of the crop's nitrogen requirements to meet the needs of crops and achieve high yields. (4) Urease inhibitors Urease inhibitors are used to inhibit the hydrolysis of urea by urease, so that urea can be diffused and moved into deeper soil layers, thereby reducing the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen in surface soil or paddy field surface of dry land. Concentration to reduce loss of ammonia volatilization. The most studied urease inhibitors are o-phenyl phosphonium diamine, n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide and hydroquinone. The International Fertilizer Center (ifc) conducted rice field trials of phenylphosphine diamine (ppd) in Southeast Asia and southern Africa and achieved significant results. The United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, and other countries carried out trials of hydroquinones in crops such as wheat and pasture, and also achieved good results. In some tests, there are unstable phenomena and insignificant increase in production. (E) Nitrification inhibitors The role of nitrification inhibitors is to inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing nitrate leaching losses due to denitrification of nitrogen. Beginning in 1975, the US Environmental Protection Agency approved the use of cp in crops such as corn, wheat, sorghum, cotton, rice, potatoes, tomatoes, and sugar beets. The Soviet Union and Germany tested ammonium nitrate with CMP, and the rate of nitrification was reduced by 14 to 16% in four weeks. Britain, Italy, France, Netherlands, India, Japan, and other countries tested dicyandiamide for ammonium sulfate, which increased the yield of wheat and oats by more than 10%, and increased the protein and amino acids of wheat grains. Domestic tests such as cp and thiol were not stable. In summary, the scientific application method appears to be to increase nitrogen fertilizer production and reduce nitrogen loss, so as to increase nitrogen fertilizer utilization and increase production. Improvement of nitrogen fertilizer application method is a relatively practical and effective measure to increase nitrogen fertilizer production and reduce nitrogen loss. Compared with the application of nitrogen fertilizer, mixed application has a certain effect, and it has been widely used in agricultural production practice. Deep application of better than mixed effects, should actively solve the problem of fertilizer application and promotion in practice. With nitrogen in the water, irrigation water or rainfall will bring the nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil into the soil, which is another measure to increase the yield of nitrogen fertilizer.
Foot of ningxia hong xingda incense Organic Apple fruit suborbicular, fruit surface color yellow green, most with orange chardonnay fruit surface, covered with bright red stripes, pulp yellow-white, succulent crisp, sweet, rich fragrance, quality first-class; The fruit has a sugar content of over 15%, more than 4% of the national average, and the flesh is tight and crisp and sweet, which is widely loved by consumers all over the world. There is a longer optimal consumption date than any other apple, not even refrigerated. It can be kept for 4 months at normal temperature. If refrigerated, Fuji can be kept for 5--7 months.
Altitude: high altitude area light, clean air, environment close to original condition, no industrial pollution. With an average elevation of 1160-2900m, the central health center has a strong uv light, which produces the natural pollution-free apple, which conforms to the concept of a modern green diet.
Temperature: moderate temperature can avoid the chance of fruit tree encountering disease. The average temperature in ningxia is 8.4 degrees Celsius, which has an important influence on the growth, development, yield and quality of apple. The piedmont apple is thriving in such a good environment.
Humidity environment: moderate amount of rainfall provides necessary conditions for apple's growth. The annual rainfall in the central health region is 186 millimeters. The fruit is slow to grow and the fruit is hard and hard, which fully guarantees the fruit's sugar content and the relatively average size of apples.
Sunshine condition: apple is the fruit tree, the central health area of the whole year is nearly 3,800 hours, is beneficial to the Apple Fruit coloring. The piedmont apples are red and bright.
Temperature difference factors: ambassador apple nighttime respiration weak temperature gap between day and night, consume less organic matter, the accumulation of organic matter during the day more, that apple store down a large number of glucose sugar candy, etc have better taste. The average diurnal temperature difference between apple and apple is 14 degrees centigrade, and the larger diurnal temperature difference ensures the sweet and delicious characteristics of the apple.
Other factors: frost can make apple blossom and fruit, which can cause frozen flower jelly, which is bad for apple's production. The piedmont apple has been kept at least 167 days without frost for the whole year, which minimizes the influence of apple on yield and quality.
Wild Apple,Juicy Apple Fruit,South Mountain Apple,Natural Sweet Fruit
Ningxia hongxingda fruit industry , http://www.hxdfruit.com