1, the choice of broodstock for artificial breeding of broodstock, can be considered from the following five aspects: (1) physical fitness should be strong, no damage to the body surface, no congestion, abdominal distension, bad fins, eyes and other diseases; (2 ) Body shape without deformity or lesions, and according to the breeding requirements can be a specific choice of special body types, such as side flat, tall, high fins, etc.; (3) varieties selected according to the requirements of purebred and non-close relatives; (4) for expensive or rare Due to the difficulty of reproduction, breeds also need to consider their entire growth from juvenile to broodstock, as well as their maturation age and breeding history. For example, the rare and valuable species of the genus Cichlids have “born paper†to show ancestry, just like human beings. In the same way as the birth certificate, information on the origin, time, broodstock, and individual status is included. This is part of the mark of the valuable fish species. (5) Maturity, generally based on experience, the degree of swelling of the brood's abdomen is observed with the naked eye, especially for females. Obviously, another look at the length of the row (or egg) tube of the brood abdomen cloaca is followed by the estrus chasing status of the broodstock. 2. Preparation of reproduction apparatus Preparation of reproduction apparatus mainly refers to fish nest and ovum (or nursery) facilities. Fish nests are mainly used in viscous oviparous fish. For example, pig larvae should prepare a piece of tile at the bottom of the tank; universal angelfish should be placed in the middle layer of evergreen leaves or blue, green plastic pads; and multicolored, colorful angelfish are to hang a tile or long tile pot. Different artificial ovulation or fish protection facilities must be prepared for fish of different temperaments. For example, raw eggs can be grown in the breeding tank to plant aquatic grasses for larvae to hide, or the broodstock can be placed in special cages to give birth; while some of the colorful and colorful angelfish can eat eggs. You can take the eggs out and put them into the hatching tank for hatching, or use a glass or net outside the fish nest to separate the broodstock from the eggs, making them unreachable. 3. Breeding of ovary-producing fish When the fish are bred, the male fish is curled into a cylindrical transfer device using the anal fin (or another transfer device between the anal and pelvic fins of the male fish) and the female is rapidly inserted. The cloaca in the genital cavity of the fish was fertilized in vivo. The fertilized egg carries on a series of embryonic developments in the mother's body by its own yolk nutrition. At the moment of hatching, the larvae produce extracorporeal moments. The like-shaped larvae can break the membrane and twist their body to swim. Because the fertilized eggs of the oviparous fish develop in the abdominal cavity of the female and are protected by the maternal body, the amount of eggs is smaller than that of the oviparous fish, but the survival rate of the larvae is relatively high. It is worth noting that many types of broodstock in egg-born fish will ingest larvae, and must either plant or place some waterweeds or decorations in the spawning tank or place the motherfish in a cage to give birth. Egg-breeding fish are relatively simple to breed and reproduce, and individuals are small, just a small container or even a can of glass bottles. Therefore, it is the best introductory fish for aquarium fish. "In the peacock, it was finally colorful," the guppies are the representative species of egg-embryo fish, and they are cheap and enduring mass fish. Other common raw eggs include swordtail fish, molly fish, moonfish, and mosquitoes. The male and female sexes of these fishes are relatively easy to distinguish. Generally, the anal fins are the main distinguishing features. The male anal fins are pointed and the females are fan-shaped. The males are generally bright in body color, slender in shape and relatively obese in females. Dim, especially when sexually mature, the male's marriage is more pronounced. Before the fertilization of the female, the abdomen expands and the front of the abdomen gradually darkens. Black fetal spots appear at the anal fins. At this time, the mother can be carefully put into the spawning cylinder for treatment, or put into a special breeding box for guppies. The broodstock is isolated from the larvae that are produced. 4. Breeding of oviparous fish Most of tropical aquarium fish breed eggs and in vitro fertilize. Unlike egg-born fish, males and females accompany each other during spawning. When sexually mature, the male and female fish are paired and paired, and when they are pregnant, they escort each other, and then the female ovulates in vitro, and the male fish trails ejaculate on the egg to fertilize it. The buoyant eggs float on the surface of the water; the semi-floating eggs hatch as the flowing water floats; the eggs of the submerged type stick to the gaps between the bottom gravel and the rocks; the viscous eggs adhere to the aquatic plants, plant leaves, and Pebbles hatch. In the process of fertilization and hatching, some fish such as common gods and multicolored and colorful angelfish will often stay close to the eggs, and often use a pair of pectoral fins to constantly move the surface of the eggs; while many species of cichlids contain fertilized eggs in the oral cavity. The mouth is hatched inside, while the fighting fish are protected by the hatching of the fertilized eggs that are produced in the nests created by the surface spit bubbles before spawning. Oviparous fish are generally large in size, mostly flanked flat, and spawning volume is greater than that of ovum raw fish. For example, the guppies produce more than 100 larvae per fetus, while the larvae produce more than 1,000 broods each time. However, there are many species of oviparous fish that vary in their shapes. The identification of male and female characteristics of oviposition fish is generally more complicated and difficult than that of oviparous raw fish. It is only when the species mature estrus, mutual pursuit, free love pairing, or spawning period that it is more sure to distinguish between male and female and spouse, but it does not rule out There is a phenomenon of “sympathy for loveâ€, such as when feeding a variety of colorful angelfish, it is a chance to discover that the two females are paired and spawn at the same time. The whole breeding process is like a pair of male and female broodstock. When breeding oviparous tropical ornamental fish, specific suitable environmental conditions must be created for different habits, including egg-laying cylinders, egg-laying materials, and water quality. For example, for the production of buoyant fish, the area of ​​the spawning cylinder is larger; as for the requirements of the fish producing sunless eggs, the relative requirements are not so strict; on the other hand, the broodstock swimming speed is fast, requiring a large cylinder; Such as pig larvae, but also need a larger cylinder; relatively speaking, raw egg fish such as guppies, swordfish with a small tank line. The eggs that produce viscous eggs should be prepared with water lettuce, snapdragon, plant leaves or man-made aquatic plants, net clothes, etc.; when the more interesting four fish breed, put about 1/3 of the cylinder stack in the spawning cylinder. The well-rolled palms form a nest of fish in the tunnel, and the brooders swim into the nest to lay eggs; the fishes are used to lay eggs on the leaves of the aquatic plants; in addition, the fish of the gods lay eggs because of the large water layer, so egg-laying plates such as Plant leaves, plastic pads, and tiles should be hung on the wall of spawning cylinders; pig larvae should lay large tiles at the bottom of the tanks for spawning; and the scavengers of the family Polygonaceae should use mud bottoms to dig. More than a meter deep deep cave, so that it produces a grape-like balls. The requirements for water quality during reproduction mainly consider the pH value and hardness, and individual special attention should be paid to the salinity of the migrating migratory fish such as estuaries. 5. Incubation of fish eggs The hatching of fish eggs can be performed in the original tank, or it can be placed in another small tank or a special incubator, such as the hatching tank used for artificial reproduction of the fourth domestic fish in the pond. The water used for hatching is the original water or fresh water of the original breeding tank, but its hardness and pH must be the same as those of raw water. The water temperature can be raised by 1~2°C, which can accelerate the development of fish eggs and embryos. At the same time, 110-6 methylene blue can be added to the hatching water to prevent egg necrosis from infecting water mold. In addition, normal saline (Table 6-1) can be used to wash eggs and hatch fluids. If the larvae have broken membranes, 100-150ppm of the 1398 protease solution can also be used to dissolve the egg membrane and increase the hatching rate. 6. The key to feeding larvae is to provide suitable larval opening foods, preferably natural foods, including paramecium, rotifers, leeches, and Artemia nauplii. Among them, Paramecium praecox need to be cultured artificially. It is mainly used for the culture of larvae such as grass carp, such as fish, rotifers and pupae can be harvested from the fish ponds in the wild; the Artemia eggs can be stored in canned pots. One day, incubate with about 20 ton of saline to hatch into the nauplii. Since wild natural foods have the disadvantage of insecure four-season supply, they can be supplemented with artificial feed, such as egg yolk powder, corn flour or commercial grain feed. Micro-encapsulation feeds (MED), micro-adhesive feeds (MBD) and micromucosal feeds (MCD) are commercial microparticle feeds. Followed by stable water quality, mainly refers to pH, hardness, NH3-N and NO2-N, etc., in which dissolved oxygen and water temperature should be high in order to facilitate rapid growth of larvae. In addition, we must manually clean the walls and filter water to prevent the invasion of enemy pests, especially the otters can be used tentacles to catch larvae, but also pay attention to prevention and control.
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