At present, turbot breeding develops rapidly. In Laizhou City, Shandong Province alone, there are more than 500 breeding greenhouses, aquaculture area of ​​400,000 square meters, and about 1.5 to 2 million fish rearing turbot. At present, there are few special feeds for domestic turbot, and adult fish farmers generally purchase powdered feeds from domestic feed manufacturers, and then add additives and fresh fish to agitate wet pellets, and now feed them. The advantages of this approach are that the raw materials are easy to purchase, the production process is simple, the price is relatively cheap, and the unique nutrients of the fresh food can be maintained. However, according to our latest survey, as many farmers have little knowledge of nutrient requirements and feeding habits of turbot, some problems have arisen in the process of self-produced feed: First, the ratio of feed is unscientific. Some breeders blindly add various additives in their feed, even adding eggs, milk powder, and glucose. They think that eating nutritious fish is certainly beneficial, causing unnecessary waste; some are used in vain, and are heavily used. The raw materials such as bean cake, cornmeal, and rind are lacking in various trace elements, resulting in the feeding of turbot, which is lean and slow in growth, and brings diseases such as ophthalmopathy and hyperlipidemia. The second is that homemade feed is not hygienic. As a result of the backward technology, the immunity of the cultured turbot decreased and the diseases in the high-temperature period increased. In particular, inflammation of the digestive tract frequently occurred, resulting in a significant decline in the survival rate of the culture. According to the production experience below, talk about some issues that should be noticed in the preparation of feed for turbot breeding.
First, raw materials must be selected strictly.
Feed ingredients must be fresh. Jade fish, sardines, horse mackerel, squid, fish and other sea catch fresh fish are the main raw material for making turbot feed. Fresh fish generally accounts for 50% or slightly higher feed, and fresh fish must be eaten. Fresh, clean can be processed, must not use the fish has been degenerate, smelly fish.
In winter and summer seasons, fresh fish caught in the sea cannot be purchased normally and need to be stocked during the fishing season. Raw fish purchased during processing must be fresh and must be washed before freezing. The frozen quality of the cold storage is better, and the best storage temperature is at 18°C. In order to avoid deterioration of frozen products.
When buying fish, it is best not to have a single variety. To purchase small fish that are small enough to be adult fish, avoid using long-term squid for feed. Because of its low nutritional value and high water content, the small squid has been eating malnutrition for a long period of time to eat small squid and has been growing slowly.
To purchase powder feed, we must look for feeds produced by large-scale and reputable companies. We hope that the majority of farmers, especially those with abundant economic conditions, will purchase powder feeds from regular feed manufacturers.
Second, the feed ratio should be appropriate.
Turbot is a cold-water benthic living fish with less activity, high protein demand, and relatively low demand for carbohydrates. The protein contained in the feed, in addition to constituting the fish protein, is also consumed as energy. If too many carbohydrates are fed, the turbot can not be treated and become pathological. The common cakes, quail feeds and other low-value feed sources contain anti-nutritional factors. Without detoxification, there are adverse effects on the growth and health of aquatic animals. Therefore, a large amount of raw materials such as soybean cake, wheat and black noodles can not be incorporated in the feed.
Feeding high-energy feeds with increased fat content can achieve low feed rates and rapid growth, but this should be combined with ample oxygen supply for aquaculture. Therefore, one month to two months before going public, you can increase the amount of raw food or finished feed, and add 7% to 10% of fish oil to promote the increase of fullness.
Vitamins and minerals play an irreplaceable role in the growth and physiological metabolic activities of fish. Appropriately adding vitamins and minerals that meet nutritional requirements can not only ensure its healthy development, but also promote growth and reduce feed conversion. At present, a certain amount of vitamins and minerals have been added to high-quality powdered feeds. If the proportion is 50%, no additional vitamins and minerals are added. However, if the proportion is small, some additive additives with good performance and stable quality can be added in appropriate amounts. The amount of vitamin E added to the vitamin plant should be increased during the feeding period and during the high temperature period.
According to relevant reports, the protein content of turbot juvenile fish feed should be greater than 40%, about 47% is the best, the fat content should be greater than 8%, the suitable content is 13%-15%, and the ash content in feed should be less than 12% 8-9% is appropriate.
According to the current successful breeding experience, it is recommended that the feed ratio of turbot is as simple as possible. Usually, 50% of the fresh fish is fished into fish paste, and 50% of turbot special powder feed is added. Then, cod liver oil is added according to different growth stages. 2% leaf%, made with extruded screw feeders.
Third, emphasis on processing technology.
The fat oxidation caused by the preservation of raw materials in feeds, the decrease in freshness due to improper thawing methods, and the formation of pathogenic bacteria in the soup that dripped during thawing, can easily induce fish-organ visceral disorders and become an important cause of diseases. Therefore, production should pay great attention to the management of feeds, processing equipment, and site hygiene inspection, and strengthen the disinfection of raw materials, especially fresh fish, in an effort to improve the hygiene standards for the whole process of feed processing.
All kinds of raw materials must be fully mixed and homogeneous. In particular, drugs and additives must first be stirred in the powder evenly to prevent excessive poisoning caused by excessive additives in some particles. In order to increase the proportion of fresh fish, some manufacturers add powder after feed extrusion to solve the problem of bait adhesion, but when the feed is fed into the water, it breaks into the water, which wastes feed and pollutes the water. This is undesirable.
Self-made feeds should be fed as soon as possible, avoiding the production of multiple feeds for one feed. After the feed is made, it is really necessary to keep it frozen. It should be stored in a small capacity and not stored in large volumes. Large-capacity storage is prone to freezing on the surface of the feed, but it is not transparent in the middle, leading to deterioration, and adverse phenomena after feeding the fish. In addition, the feed particle size must change with growth.
The machinery, tools, and containers used to make the feed must be promptly cleaned after use, ventilated and air-dried to prepare for the next use.
Fourth, promote the use of dedicated dry pellet feed.
Compared with wet bait, turbot special dry-matching diet is more comprehensive and less polluting water, which is beneficial to reduce the occurrence of diseases and is worthy of promotion and promotion.
With the further study on the nutritional physiology, basal metabolism, and micronutrient function of turbot in China, the proposed nutrient requirement quantity will be proposed according to different growth stages in order to solve the amendment formulation of feed nutrients for turbot. The formulation of low-cost, efficient and practical specialized feed products provides a reliable theoretical basis. Turbot fish adults dedicated to pelleted feed not only consider the issue of promoting growth and increase the conversion rate, but also consider the immune, hormone effects, the impact on the environment and fish quality, and more in line with the physiological needs of turbot, so that The protein is used for growth to the maximum, and the fat meets the energy needs of the fish other than growing. It also minimizes the nitrogen excretion and the feed coefficient can be less than 1 to effectively solve the existence of the fish farm in the homemade feed. Various problems have reflected the true meaning of industrialized fish farming.
First, raw materials must be selected strictly.
Feed ingredients must be fresh. Jade fish, sardines, horse mackerel, squid, fish and other sea catch fresh fish are the main raw material for making turbot feed. Fresh fish generally accounts for 50% or slightly higher feed, and fresh fish must be eaten. Fresh, clean can be processed, must not use the fish has been degenerate, smelly fish.
In winter and summer seasons, fresh fish caught in the sea cannot be purchased normally and need to be stocked during the fishing season. Raw fish purchased during processing must be fresh and must be washed before freezing. The frozen quality of the cold storage is better, and the best storage temperature is at 18°C. In order to avoid deterioration of frozen products.
When buying fish, it is best not to have a single variety. To purchase small fish that are small enough to be adult fish, avoid using long-term squid for feed. Because of its low nutritional value and high water content, the small squid has been eating malnutrition for a long period of time to eat small squid and has been growing slowly.
To purchase powder feed, we must look for feeds produced by large-scale and reputable companies. We hope that the majority of farmers, especially those with abundant economic conditions, will purchase powder feeds from regular feed manufacturers.
Second, the feed ratio should be appropriate.
Turbot is a cold-water benthic living fish with less activity, high protein demand, and relatively low demand for carbohydrates. The protein contained in the feed, in addition to constituting the fish protein, is also consumed as energy. If too many carbohydrates are fed, the turbot can not be treated and become pathological. The common cakes, quail feeds and other low-value feed sources contain anti-nutritional factors. Without detoxification, there are adverse effects on the growth and health of aquatic animals. Therefore, a large amount of raw materials such as soybean cake, wheat and black noodles can not be incorporated in the feed.
Feeding high-energy feeds with increased fat content can achieve low feed rates and rapid growth, but this should be combined with ample oxygen supply for aquaculture. Therefore, one month to two months before going public, you can increase the amount of raw food or finished feed, and add 7% to 10% of fish oil to promote the increase of fullness.
Vitamins and minerals play an irreplaceable role in the growth and physiological metabolic activities of fish. Appropriately adding vitamins and minerals that meet nutritional requirements can not only ensure its healthy development, but also promote growth and reduce feed conversion. At present, a certain amount of vitamins and minerals have been added to high-quality powdered feeds. If the proportion is 50%, no additional vitamins and minerals are added. However, if the proportion is small, some additive additives with good performance and stable quality can be added in appropriate amounts. The amount of vitamin E added to the vitamin plant should be increased during the feeding period and during the high temperature period.
According to relevant reports, the protein content of turbot juvenile fish feed should be greater than 40%, about 47% is the best, the fat content should be greater than 8%, the suitable content is 13%-15%, and the ash content in feed should be less than 12% 8-9% is appropriate.
According to the current successful breeding experience, it is recommended that the feed ratio of turbot is as simple as possible. Usually, 50% of the fresh fish is fished into fish paste, and 50% of turbot special powder feed is added. Then, cod liver oil is added according to different growth stages. 2% leaf%, made with extruded screw feeders.
Third, emphasis on processing technology.
The fat oxidation caused by the preservation of raw materials in feeds, the decrease in freshness due to improper thawing methods, and the formation of pathogenic bacteria in the soup that dripped during thawing, can easily induce fish-organ visceral disorders and become an important cause of diseases. Therefore, production should pay great attention to the management of feeds, processing equipment, and site hygiene inspection, and strengthen the disinfection of raw materials, especially fresh fish, in an effort to improve the hygiene standards for the whole process of feed processing.
All kinds of raw materials must be fully mixed and homogeneous. In particular, drugs and additives must first be stirred in the powder evenly to prevent excessive poisoning caused by excessive additives in some particles. In order to increase the proportion of fresh fish, some manufacturers add powder after feed extrusion to solve the problem of bait adhesion, but when the feed is fed into the water, it breaks into the water, which wastes feed and pollutes the water. This is undesirable.
Self-made feeds should be fed as soon as possible, avoiding the production of multiple feeds for one feed. After the feed is made, it is really necessary to keep it frozen. It should be stored in a small capacity and not stored in large volumes. Large-capacity storage is prone to freezing on the surface of the feed, but it is not transparent in the middle, leading to deterioration, and adverse phenomena after feeding the fish. In addition, the feed particle size must change with growth.
The machinery, tools, and containers used to make the feed must be promptly cleaned after use, ventilated and air-dried to prepare for the next use.
Fourth, promote the use of dedicated dry pellet feed.
Compared with wet bait, turbot special dry-matching diet is more comprehensive and less polluting water, which is beneficial to reduce the occurrence of diseases and is worthy of promotion and promotion.
With the further study on the nutritional physiology, basal metabolism, and micronutrient function of turbot in China, the proposed nutrient requirement quantity will be proposed according to different growth stages in order to solve the amendment formulation of feed nutrients for turbot. The formulation of low-cost, efficient and practical specialized feed products provides a reliable theoretical basis. Turbot fish adults dedicated to pelleted feed not only consider the issue of promoting growth and increase the conversion rate, but also consider the immune, hormone effects, the impact on the environment and fish quality, and more in line with the physiological needs of turbot, so that The protein is used for growth to the maximum, and the fat meets the energy needs of the fish other than growing. It also minimizes the nitrogen excretion and the feed coefficient can be less than 1 to effectively solve the existence of the fish farm in the homemade feed. Various problems have reflected the true meaning of industrialized fish farming.
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