I. Scientific basis for intercropping of dates and grains
1.1 Seize the time difference between jujube and intercropping, and make full use of fertilizer resources. Jujube trees are fruit trees with late germination, early deciduous growth and relatively short annual growth. Normally, germination begins in mid-April and leaves fall in mid-to-late October. Wheat is sown in late September and harvested in early June. The symbiotic period of jujube and wheat is approximately 80 days to 90 days. From mid-May to early June, it is wheat flowering, grain filling, and maturation. It mainly absorbs phosphorus and potash fertilizer, supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer. The jujube tree is the period of long leaves, differentiated young shoots and new jujube heads. It mainly absorbs nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Therefore, jujube and wheat are intercropped, and there is little contradiction between competing for water and competing for water. In early June, the jujube tree enters the fruiting stage of flowering and needs fertilizer at its peak, and wheat begins to harvest. The newly planted millet, summer corn and other crops are still in the seedling stage and require a relatively small amount of fertilizer, and generally do not affect the flowering and fruiting of jujube trees. After the jujube tree was harvested in mid- and late September, the amount of phosphorus and potash in the jujube leaves was increased to store nutrients, but the wheat was still in the seedling stage, and the absorption of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was small, and the wheat was fully used before sowing. Bottom fertilizer, so jujube and wheat are not much of a conflict.
1.2 The use of jujube root and intercropping root system in the soil distribution difference, full use of fertilizer water resources. The distribution of jujube roots is mainly horizontal, concentrated in the 30 cm to 70 cm soil layer within the canopy, and accounts for 65% to 75% of the total root volume. The peripheral root systems of the tree canopy are sparsely distributed and the density is small, while the root system of the intercropping system is They are concentrated in a 0 cm to 20 cm plow layer. The jujube tree mainly absorbs deep soil and fertilizer below 30 cm, and is mainly in the crown. The intercropping crops mainly absorbed fertilizer and water within 20 cm of the plow layer, mainly outside the crown. Therefore, jujube grain intercropping can improve the utilization of fertilizer and water more than Daejeon.
1.3 The jujube has a shorter tree crown, sparse branches, small leaves, and a small degree of shading, and has a relatively high light transmittance, which basically does not affect the requirements for the light intensity and the amount of daylight harvested between crops. (1) Date wheat intercropping. From the turning green to the jointing stage of wheat, a certain amount of light intensity and amount of light are required. At this time, jujube trees just germinate soon and basically do not affect the illumination of wheat. From early May to early June, wheat enters heading, flowering, and grain filling. It requires light intensity and light output, which is only 25% to 30% of the total light. The average leaf area is 7.4 square centimeters to 9.8 square centimeters, and the wind shading cannot form a fixed shadow area, which can basically meet the requirements of light for wheat in each growth stage. (2) Intercropping of dates or beans. Millet and beans are shade-tolerant crops with low light saturation points. Therefore, intercropping can meet the light requirements of crops. (3) Intercropping dates and summer corn. After harvesting, the wheat can be turned into summer corn. The summer corn has a higher light saturation point and is a warm crop. However, the compensation point of light is low, and it has the characteristics of short illumination and high light efficiency. In addition, summer corn is a C4 plant. Under weaker light conditions, certain dry matter can still accumulate. Therefore, jujube trees and summer corn intercropping can also meet the requirements for light, and higher yields can be obtained.
Second, the model of intercropping grain
1. The jujube-based, grain-assisted intercropping model. This model is suitable for use in areas with more people and more people. That is, jujube tree spacing is 4 meters 6 meters, 37 acre trees per acre, covers an area of ​​432 square meters, food crops covers an area of ​​235 square meters. Alternatively, a double-line strip type intercropping pattern is adopted, that is, the rows are 4 meters long and 4 meters apart, and the small row spacing is 10 meters. The large row spacing is 10 meters. There are 24 jujube trees planted in acres, covering an area of ​​384 square meters, and the food crop covers an area of ​​283 square meters.
2. Food-based, date-assisted intercropping model. This model is suitable for use in more people and less areas, jujube tree spacing is larger, the general row spacing is 15 meters, plant spacing is 4 meters, 11 acres planted jujube trees, covers an area of ​​176 square meters, covers an area of ​​491 food crops Square meters, or the use of 4 meters spacing, small row spacing of 4 meters, 18 meters from a large row of double-line strip type intercropping mode. Acre planted 15 jujube trees, covers an area of ​​240 square meters, and the food crop covers an area of ​​427 square meters.
3. The intercropping pattern of jujube and food. This model is suitable for population and land balance areas. Jujube trees are 4 meters away from each other, spacing is 8 meters, 21 acres of jujube trees are planted, covers an area of ​​336 square meters, food crops covers an area of ​​331 square meters, or 4 meters away from the plant spacing, small row spacing of 4 meters, 12 meters double row spacing Ribbon-type intercropping pattern, 21 acres of jujube planted trees.
Third, the technical points of jujube grain intercropping
The key technology of intercropping of jujube and grain is to regulate the contradiction between jujube tree and inter-crop fertilizer, compete for water, and win light, in order to achieve the mutual benefit and mutual benefit of jujube grain and realize the double-high yield of jujube grain.
1. Grasp the appropriate planting density. Line spacing size has a significant impact on air temperature, humidity, light and wind speed, and is also an important factor affecting the production of jujube grain. Therefore, according to the purpose of cultivation, according to local conditions, make overall arrangements. The jujube-based line spacing is 6 meters, and the grain-based line spacing is 15 meters.
2. Choose the right planting direction. The direction of jujube production has a certain influence, practice has shown that the north-south line to plant jujube trees, under the crown of the light received more time, the amount of daylight is also greater than the amount of day-to-day lighting. Therefore, it is generally better to plant jujube trees in the north and south direction.
3. Appropriately control jujube height. The height of the tree has a certain relationship with the amount of direct light received. In order to increase the utilization rate of light energy and economic benefits, the height of the tree should be controlled to be less than 6 meters, so the height should be in the range of 1 meter to 1.5 meters.
4. Trim reasonably and control the tree shape. According to inspections, the crown shape has different degrees of influence on the growth and yield of jujube and intercropping. Canopy closure, congested branches, poor ventilation and light transmission, the resulting parts moved outward, the rate of set fruit decline, and increased the impact on the crop between. Therefore, the crown shape is suitable for evacuating happy shapes.
5. The selection and allocation of crops. Choosing suitable crops for reasonable planting is one of the key technologies for regulating the contradiction between jujube and intercropping. The selected crop should have the characteristics of phenophase and jujube phenophase staggered, plant dwarf, strong resistance to negative, short growing period and early maturity. According to practical experience, the following crops are more suitable for intercropping
(1) Wheat. Including winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, etc., these food crops are small, the root distribution is shallow, and the phenology period is intertwined with the phenological period of jujube tree. It is an ideal crop for intercropping of jujube grain.
(2) Beans. Including soybeans, peas, mung beans, adzuki beans, etc., these crops are short, strong, negative resistance, short growth period, and early maturity. It also has its own nitrogen fixation, which is a better crop for intercropping with jujube trees.
(3) cereals. Including corn, millet, sesame, peanuts and cotton, etc., can be intercropped with jujube trees. However, reasonable layout and planting must be done, because these crops are hi-light crops, but there are significant differences in light saturation points and compensation points. When intercropping with jujube trees, a few lines of bean crops are sown on the side near the jujube tree, and then millet, corn, sesame, and cotton are sown. Adopting a "dwarf-high-dwarf or short-medium-high-medium-dwarf" type of planting combination will not only be conducive to ventilation and light transmission, but also meet the requirements for light intensity and light output of crops, and it will also help ease the jujube tree. The contradiction between fertilizing and fighting for water among crops also helps prevent and control diseases and pests and facilitates management under the trees.
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