Rice is the most important food crop in China. Fertilization of rice is an extremely complex issue. It is necessary to determine suitable fertilization time, fertilizer amount, fertilizer type, and fertilization method according to the characteristics of rice varieties such as nutrient characteristics, fertilizer properties, soil, and climate. The application of the fertilizer to obtain the highest utilization rate and the best economic efficiency, to achieve high yield, high quality and high efficiency.
During the whole life of rice, we must go through two different stages of vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The vegetative growth stage includes the seedling stage and the tillering stage, and is mainly the growth of the vegetative roots, stems and leaves, and accumulates nutrients for reproductive growth. The goal of fertilization at this stage is to promote tillering and form strong seedlings to ensure that there are sufficient panicles per unit area. The formation, growth, and flowering of the genital organs are strong. This stage of fertilization is centered on the promotion of large spikes, many grains, and grain filling.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are nutrient elements that require large amounts of rice and lack of soil. The absorption intensity, absorption amount, and proportion are different due to variety, soil, climate, and cultivation, fertilization, and other conditions. Generally, every rice is produced. For 100 kg, about 1.6-1.9 kg of nitrogen, 0.8-1.3 kg of phosphorus, and 1.8-3.8 kg of potassium need to be absorbed, and the ratio of the three is about 1:0.5:1.3. The results showed that the nutrient contents of the plant during the growth stages of the early and late rice in the double-season rice were generally highest in the period from returning to the tillering stage, and the phosphorus and potassium were the highest in the jointing stage; the amount of nutrients absorbed by the rice in each stage of growth was double-season. Due to the short growth period of early and late rice, the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements only forms a peak within 2-3 weeks after transplanting. However, due to the longer growth period, the absorption of three elements in single-season rice is generally Two peaks of uptake of fertilizer were formed at the peak of the tillering period and the later period of spikelet differentiation. Therefore, fertilization must be based on these laws of rice and fertilizer absorption characteristics, to fully meet the needs of rice fertilizer peak for a variety of nutrients.
1. The fertilization techniques in paddy fields are good, and the quality of rice seedlings has a great effect on rice yield. The fertilization in Putian is an important measure for nurturing Zhuang. Different types of early, middle and late rice, due to the characteristics of fertility and the natural conditions in which they are found, are different in the technology of raising rice seedlings. However, the principle that all types of rice seedlings require robustness is the same, ie Deep, the base is "flat Pu" shaped, developed roots, white roots, with delivery, high nutrient content in dry matter. To reach this standard, mastering fertigation techniques in Putian is an important part. (1) Fertilization techniques for early and middle-season paddy fields The early-season rice has a younger age of about 28-30 days and a middle-season rice cultivar of more than 30 days. Due to the short age of the early and middle rice, the seedlings are required to grow fast and strong, and the temperature is lower during the breeding period. The release of nutrients and decomposition of fertilizers in the soil are slower. Therefore, high-quality farmyard fertilizers (such as decomposed human excrement, manure or young green manure, 15-22.5 tons per hectare) and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers should be reused as base fertilizers. Nitrogen can be used ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia, deep application. Wet seedlings in Putian can be applied to 225-375 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 225-300 kg of ammonium sulfate per hectare at the second plowing field in Putian. Plowing the field while fertilizing, Putian after planting. When the "hard board" is transplanted in Putian with soil, ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate may be evenly spread on the raft plate, and then the slurry of about 6 cm may be covered, or the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate may be fully mixed with the slurry, and after the leveling Replant. In the rice cultivation areas in southern China, low and rainy weather is encountered during the early and mid-season rice nursery. The content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil is relatively low. Phosphate fertilizer (applied with 450-600 kg of calcium phosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per hectare) and potassium fertilizer (per K ha chloride (150 kg) is used as a base fertilizer to reduce rice sprouts and cultivate strong pods. In paddy fields where zinc deficiency occurs in the soil, 15 kg of zinc sulfate can be used per hectare as the surface fertilizer of Putian. Wet fields are covered with phosphate rock and lime soil cover, which can directly supply the phosphorus and potassium nutrients needed for seedlings, as well as cover, heat preservation, moisturizing, preventing birds and animals, and loosening soil. Early and mid-season rice fields can be applied 1-2 times. Fertilizers are called weaned fertilizers when paddy fields grow to the 3-leaf stage. In this period of time, the nutrients stored in the seeds of rice are already exhausted, and the root system has a considerable absorption capacity. The rice pods gradually turn to absorb the nutrients in the soil. At this time, the fertilizer is used to supplement the effective nutrient concentrations in the fields. Suitable period. General weaning fertilizers available nitrogen fertilizer or large manure, the amount should not be too much, urea 15-60 kilograms per hectare or 112.5-150 kilograms of sulfur ammonia or decomposed human excrement 7500 kilograms, to be applied evenly to prevent the leaves or the seedlings to grow Too tender. High fertility in paddy field or base fertilizer, base fertilizer has applied nitrogen fertilizer, especially in paddy fields that have been used for noodles, can not be cut off milk fertilizer. The period of application of weaning fertilizer can be based on the fertility of Putian, selecting 1 period of 1 leaf 1 heart, 2 leaves 1 heart, 3 leaves 1 heart. When the supply of fertilizer is poor, and the base fertilizer is insufficient, it must be properly advanced. In order to improve the quality of seedlings during transplanting, enhance the rooting ability of seedlings, speed up the return of live trees, and facilitate the delivery of oysters; The use of stable nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate or urea, should not be used in large quantities. Generally, ammonium sulfate 150-225 kg/ha is used. Urea 45-75 kg can be applied one day ahead of ammonium sulfate. Due to the small amount, it can be dissolved into a solution or mixed with soil. For paddy fields with high soil fertility, the use of nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced, and the amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer should be appropriately increased. That is, low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus, high-potassium fertility should be used to cultivate Zhuang.
(2) Late rice fertilization technology Late rice, whether continuous cropping late rice or late cropping rice, fertilization technology in paddy fields is significantly different from early and middle rice. Because of the relatively high temperature and ground temperature in the fertility season, the nutrient release and fertilizer decomposition in the soil are relatively fast, and the age is relatively long, usually 30-40 days, and the longest is up to 50 days. In order to achieve a thick and handsome seedlings, prevent overgrowth of the seedlings, and develop leggy and jointing defects, 15-30 tons/ha of basal fertilizer such as pond mud and pig manure should be used for the late rice paddies. Phosphate fertilizers should also be applied, the amount of which may be less than that of early and mid-season paddy fields, applying 375-450 kg of superphosphate or 375-450 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per hectare. Potassium is very important for late rice seedlings. Potassium fertilizer not only can increase potassium nutrition, but also can prevent flax leaf spot and brown spot disease of seedlings. For each hectare of late rice, it is appropriate to apply about 120 kg of potassium chloride as surface fertilizer. Special attention should be paid to: Basal fertilizer with little or no nitrogen fertilizer to facilitate the control of seedling growth. Nitrogen fertilizer for top dressing must be strictly observed seedling fertilization, seedlings without nitrogen deficiency in the middle of the phenomenon does not top-dressing. However, it is very important for the late rice seedlings to get up. In the past, it was generally believed that 37.5 kg of urea or 75 kg of ammonium chloride should be applied every hectare four days before transplanting, in order to ensure the good development of new roots after transplanting and to speed up the emergence of seedlings. However, in recent years, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences has used isotope N (ammonium sulfate) as a tracer. The results showed that the dry weight of the single plant treated with 150 kg of ammonium sulfate per hectare was the highest two days before transplanting, and its sugar and nitrogen were in the body. The highest level is beneficial to the growth after transplanting. Therefore, late-season rice seedlings are planted with fertilizers (sowing fertilizers) in order to apply 150 kg of ammonium sulfate or 75 kg of urea per hectare two days before transplanting.
(3) Fertilization Techniques for Hybrid Rice Paddy Fields The techniques for farrowing early, middle and late rice hybrids are generally similar to conventional early, middle and late rice. However, the seeding capacity of hybrid rice paddy field is much less than that of conventional rice, and it is required that the seedlings should have more tillers and grow stronger in paddy fields. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer should generally be larger than that of conventional rice fields, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be used with reasonable and fractional application, especially potassium fertilizer. According to tests conducted by the China National Rice Research Institute, potassium has a good effect on the growth and vigor of hybrid rice paddy fields, such as the root weight and root dry weight, wound intensity, plant carbon-nitrogen ratio, rice yield, etc. It is advisable to use 150-225 kg of potassium chloride per hectare as surface fertilizer.
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