I. Coccidia:
1. What is coccidia: Coccidia is a parasite of livestock and poultry. It is a protozoa (abbreviated as protozoa) and is a single-celled animal. That is, coccidia consists of one cell. The cellular structure of protozoa is very simple, mainly composed of cytoplasm and nucleus. The pathogen of livestock and poultry coccidiosis is the protozoa of the genus Eimeria of the genus Eimeria, all of which are intracellular parasites. All animals have their parasitized coccidia but do not infect each other and are important in veterinary medicine. There are two genera: Eimeria and Isospora. Eimeria is characterized by the formation of four sporangia by oocysts, two sporozoites in each sporangium, which are widely parasitic in a variety of livestock and poultry, and are characterized by the formation of oocysts. Two sporangia, each with four sporozoites, usually parasitic on humans, dogs, cats, and other carnivores.
2. Life history of coccidia: coccidiosis in poultry is mainly caused by coccidia in the genus Eimeria. Its life history is of direct development type, and no intermediate host is required. Can be divided into three stages: 1. Asexual reproduction stage, in its parasitic parts of epithelial cells in the cracking reproductive law. 2. In the sexual reproduction stage, female cells, ie, large gametes, and male cells, ie, gametes, are formed by gamete reproduction. Amphiphilic cells fuse into zygotes, and this stage is also performed within the host's epithelial cells. 3. The spore reproduction stage refers to the development of sporangia and sporozoites in oocysts after the zygotes become oocysts; oocysts containing mature sporozoites are called infective oocysts.
The fission reproduction and gamete reproduction are performed in the host's body, and endogenous development is called. Spore reproduction is completed in the external environment and is called exogenous development. Infected oocysts - phagocytosis - digestive fluid - decapsule release of sporozoites - duodenal epithelial cells - schizont-1 stage -2 stage-3 stage.
3. The classification of poultry coccidia: tender, giant, heap type, poison, gentle, Hastelloy, precocious, Eimeria tenella and so on.
Coccidiosis:
1. Characteristics of coccidiosis: A protozoan disease that is widely distributed. Livestock, wild animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and certain insects all have coccidiosis. Poor husbandry and poor sanitation are the main causes. The resistance of the oocysts is very strong, and they can maintain their vitality in the soil for 4-9 months. In shaded sports fields, they can maintain their viability for 15-18 months. Warm and humid areas are most conducive to the development of oocysts, and in July and September each year in the Luzhong area is a high season for coccidiosis. Small fowls are rarely infected within 10 days, 15-45 days of age are high incidence, and many adult birds show immune status with insects.
2. Coccidiosis hazards: Destruction of intestinal mucosa, bleeding, affecting digestion and absorption, affecting growth and weight gain, and immunosuppression have severely affected the immune effects of Newcastle disease, transmission and bursal disease, leading to failure of breeding .
3. The classification of coccidiosis: 1 according to the different types of pathogens are: soft, giant, heap type, poison and other coccidiosis. 2 According to different sites, there are mainly small intestinal coccidiosis, coccidiosis, and mixed infections (in the same case, there are both small intestinal coccidiosis and coccidiosis). 3 Divided according to the course of the disease: acute death (often accompanied by hematochezia and anal valgus) and chronic not long (dissemination can be seen thinning of the small intestine, thickening of the intestinal wall).
III. Control effect of disinfection on coccidiosis: Coccidium oocysts are not very resistant to heat, boiling water and hot steam can easily inactivate and kill them; 3-5% hot fiery alkali water, double Chain quaternary ammonia disinfectants also have a good disinfection effect. Other disinfectants have a weaker killing effect on coccidia, and disinfection with cold water in a cold environment is just a matter of passing through.
IV. Differential Diagnosis: Cephalotella should be distinguished from caecal hepatitis (tissue trichomoniasis). The former has bloody stools, blood, or coagulated blood in the cecum, while the latter has red and white concentric cheese-like boluses in the cecum. In the liver, there are often pitted necrotic foci in the middle of the liver. In addition, Salmonella typhimurium in chickens often has a white caseous emboli in the cecum when it is severely infected. Intestinal coccidiosis should be distinguished from necrotizing enterocolitis. Apart from the similar performance of the intestine, necrotizing enterocolitis will often find irregular white necrosis, local small intestine necrosis, and typhoid.
V. Anticoccidial drugs: 1. Natural ionophore antibiotics: Maduramycin, salinomycin, hainanmycin sodium, etc. (mixed feeding); 2. Chemical synthesis drugs: about 14 categories, dozens of species Drugs - sulfonamides (sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfaquinoxaline sodium, etc.), diclazuril, toltrazil, amprolidium (water); carbendazim, chlorophenylhydrazin, furazolidone, fluoxetine Sulfa hexamethoxypyrimidine, diclazuril, etc. (mixed feeding).
6. Prevention: 1. Perform effective disinfection procedures and completely eliminate all oocysts. 2. Implement all-in, all-in, all-out systems, do a good job of segregation, prohibit contact with people, vehicles, tools and appliances, and cut off the route of transmission. 3. Strengthen feeding and management, supply sufficient vitamin feed to enhance the body's resistance. Bran contains substances that promote the development of coccidia, and in the outbreak of coccidiosis, it is necessary to limit the content of bran in the diet; calcium carbonate (shellfish) also has the effect of promoting the development of coccidia and should be used sparingly in the coccidia. During the high season season, calcium phosphate powder may be used as a substitute for shell powder.
Treatment: Effective control of medicines as described in Section V is the main measure of coccidiosis control. Commonly used drugs include globulin, sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfaquinoxaline sodium, furazolidone and the like. In the treatment of coccidiosis, according to the characteristics of different drugs to ensure that the dose and course of treatment is sufficient, the course of treatment is at least 3 days, there are also 3-5 days, 7 days range, many anticoccidial drugs have a certain degree of toxicity, must not repeat the drug And overdose medication. The growth and development of coccidia requires vitamins, so in the treatment of coccidiosis to minimize the use of vitamins, in order to prevent intestinal bleeding and maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be appropriate to add vitamin K and vitamin A. During the treatment of coccidiosis, timely replacement of litter and frequent disinfection of chickens and ducks are required.
Three principles of medication: 1. Phased medication, prevention of coccidiosis on poultry for 10 days after every other week with 3 days of anticoccidial medicine can effectively prevent the occurrence of coccidiosis. 2. In combination with past culture experience, preventive administration of coccidiosis in the first 2-3 days prior to multiple ages may have a preventive effect. 3. Properly administer anti-coccidial drugs in poor sanitation and rainy and damp weather to achieve the desired results.
Medication program: 1. Continuous medication, for the life history of coccidia, the treatment can be used for a week, and then a preventive dose (half) for another week. Intermittent cross-administration of drugs, use of an anticoccidial drug for 3-5 days, interval 3-5 days after the selection of another anticoccidial drug for efficacy consolidation. 3. Continuous cross-medication, the middle dressing does not stop.
8. Coccidiosis in chickens: widely distributed, widespread, and severely harmful to young birds.
1. Pathogens: mainly Eimeria, which has been found as many as 9 species, including E. coli which mainly parasitizes in the caecum mucosa of chicks and E. coli parasitic in the small intestine. the Lord.
2. Symptoms: weakness, mental fatigue, clustering, drooping wings, loose feathers, sleeping eyes closed, diarrhea, discharge of bloody feces or blood; eat less common sac sac food; anemia, leg weakness, phlegm and even failure to death.
3. Lesions: Significant swelling of the cecum, several times larger than normal, brown red or dark red, texture is more solid than normal, the cecum is often filled with yellow-white cheese-like necrotic material mixed with blood. Intestinal coccidiosis is characterized by significant swelling of the small intestine, inflammation of the intestinal wall, thickening, some grayish white spots visible on the serosa, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, swelling, covered with a thick layer of sticky exudate and mixed with small Blood clots.
9. Duck coccidiosis: There are 8 common species of duck coccidia, belonging to the genus Emeier, Zeta, Isopia, and Populus, most of which are parasitic in the intestine of the duck and a few in the kidney of the duck.
1. Pathogens: The duck coccidia in our country is mainly the destruction of zebra coccidia and philipsella coccidia, and two kinds of coccidia are often mixed infection.
2. Symptoms: On the fourth day after acute infection, symptoms such as mental fatigue, necking, food, thirsty, and lying are present. Rows of dark red or dark purple blood. More than the 4th and 5th days of acute death, appetite recovered gradually after the 6th day. Resistant diseased ducks grow slowly. Both morbidity and mortality are high. Chronic type usually does not show symptoms, occasionally diarrhea, become a source of infection.
3. Lesion: Acute type small intestine swelling bleeding, the contents of light red or bright red mucus. Severe swelling before and after the yolk pedicle, a large bleeding point on the mucosa, some seeing red and white dots, some covered with a layer of bran-like or cheese-like mucus, or a light red or deep red jelly Bloody mucus but no intestine core. In chronic cases, the back of the ileum and the rectum are often lightly bleeding. Occasionally, there is a bleeding point in the posterior ileum mucosa. The rectal mucosa is red and swollen.
X. Coccidium seedlings: After inactivating infectious oocysts of various coccidia, the coccidia seedlings made by special treatment are used. It is suitable for oral administration of low-day-old poultry, and it can produce immunity after repeated feeding on bedding or padding, which is suitable for laying poultry and breeding birds.
In recent years, we have tried and promoted the use of coccidian seedlings in modern large-scale broiler chicken breeding and achieved good control effects.
General principles for preventing coccidiosis: dry, clean, use coccidia or regular preventive medication. To tell the truth, if there is coccidiosis in the chicken farm, it will be very difficult to remove it completely. If the coccidium seedlings are used after thorough sterilization (use of sensitive drugs and blind flame torches), the effect will be better.
1. What is coccidia: Coccidia is a parasite of livestock and poultry. It is a protozoa (abbreviated as protozoa) and is a single-celled animal. That is, coccidia consists of one cell. The cellular structure of protozoa is very simple, mainly composed of cytoplasm and nucleus. The pathogen of livestock and poultry coccidiosis is the protozoa of the genus Eimeria of the genus Eimeria, all of which are intracellular parasites. All animals have their parasitized coccidia but do not infect each other and are important in veterinary medicine. There are two genera: Eimeria and Isospora. Eimeria is characterized by the formation of four sporangia by oocysts, two sporozoites in each sporangium, which are widely parasitic in a variety of livestock and poultry, and are characterized by the formation of oocysts. Two sporangia, each with four sporozoites, usually parasitic on humans, dogs, cats, and other carnivores.
2. Life history of coccidia: coccidiosis in poultry is mainly caused by coccidia in the genus Eimeria. Its life history is of direct development type, and no intermediate host is required. Can be divided into three stages: 1. Asexual reproduction stage, in its parasitic parts of epithelial cells in the cracking reproductive law. 2. In the sexual reproduction stage, female cells, ie, large gametes, and male cells, ie, gametes, are formed by gamete reproduction. Amphiphilic cells fuse into zygotes, and this stage is also performed within the host's epithelial cells. 3. The spore reproduction stage refers to the development of sporangia and sporozoites in oocysts after the zygotes become oocysts; oocysts containing mature sporozoites are called infective oocysts.
The fission reproduction and gamete reproduction are performed in the host's body, and endogenous development is called. Spore reproduction is completed in the external environment and is called exogenous development. Infected oocysts - phagocytosis - digestive fluid - decapsule release of sporozoites - duodenal epithelial cells - schizont-1 stage -2 stage-3 stage.
3. The classification of poultry coccidia: tender, giant, heap type, poison, gentle, Hastelloy, precocious, Eimeria tenella and so on.
Coccidiosis:
1. Characteristics of coccidiosis: A protozoan disease that is widely distributed. Livestock, wild animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and certain insects all have coccidiosis. Poor husbandry and poor sanitation are the main causes. The resistance of the oocysts is very strong, and they can maintain their vitality in the soil for 4-9 months. In shaded sports fields, they can maintain their viability for 15-18 months. Warm and humid areas are most conducive to the development of oocysts, and in July and September each year in the Luzhong area is a high season for coccidiosis. Small fowls are rarely infected within 10 days, 15-45 days of age are high incidence, and many adult birds show immune status with insects.
2. Coccidiosis hazards: Destruction of intestinal mucosa, bleeding, affecting digestion and absorption, affecting growth and weight gain, and immunosuppression have severely affected the immune effects of Newcastle disease, transmission and bursal disease, leading to failure of breeding .
3. The classification of coccidiosis: 1 according to the different types of pathogens are: soft, giant, heap type, poison and other coccidiosis. 2 According to different sites, there are mainly small intestinal coccidiosis, coccidiosis, and mixed infections (in the same case, there are both small intestinal coccidiosis and coccidiosis). 3 Divided according to the course of the disease: acute death (often accompanied by hematochezia and anal valgus) and chronic not long (dissemination can be seen thinning of the small intestine, thickening of the intestinal wall).
III. Control effect of disinfection on coccidiosis: Coccidium oocysts are not very resistant to heat, boiling water and hot steam can easily inactivate and kill them; 3-5% hot fiery alkali water, double Chain quaternary ammonia disinfectants also have a good disinfection effect. Other disinfectants have a weaker killing effect on coccidia, and disinfection with cold water in a cold environment is just a matter of passing through.
IV. Differential Diagnosis: Cephalotella should be distinguished from caecal hepatitis (tissue trichomoniasis). The former has bloody stools, blood, or coagulated blood in the cecum, while the latter has red and white concentric cheese-like boluses in the cecum. In the liver, there are often pitted necrotic foci in the middle of the liver. In addition, Salmonella typhimurium in chickens often has a white caseous emboli in the cecum when it is severely infected. Intestinal coccidiosis should be distinguished from necrotizing enterocolitis. Apart from the similar performance of the intestine, necrotizing enterocolitis will often find irregular white necrosis, local small intestine necrosis, and typhoid.
V. Anticoccidial drugs: 1. Natural ionophore antibiotics: Maduramycin, salinomycin, hainanmycin sodium, etc. (mixed feeding); 2. Chemical synthesis drugs: about 14 categories, dozens of species Drugs - sulfonamides (sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfaquinoxaline sodium, etc.), diclazuril, toltrazil, amprolidium (water); carbendazim, chlorophenylhydrazin, furazolidone, fluoxetine Sulfa hexamethoxypyrimidine, diclazuril, etc. (mixed feeding).
6. Prevention: 1. Perform effective disinfection procedures and completely eliminate all oocysts. 2. Implement all-in, all-in, all-out systems, do a good job of segregation, prohibit contact with people, vehicles, tools and appliances, and cut off the route of transmission. 3. Strengthen feeding and management, supply sufficient vitamin feed to enhance the body's resistance. Bran contains substances that promote the development of coccidia, and in the outbreak of coccidiosis, it is necessary to limit the content of bran in the diet; calcium carbonate (shellfish) also has the effect of promoting the development of coccidia and should be used sparingly in the coccidia. During the high season season, calcium phosphate powder may be used as a substitute for shell powder.
Treatment: Effective control of medicines as described in Section V is the main measure of coccidiosis control. Commonly used drugs include globulin, sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfaquinoxaline sodium, furazolidone and the like. In the treatment of coccidiosis, according to the characteristics of different drugs to ensure that the dose and course of treatment is sufficient, the course of treatment is at least 3 days, there are also 3-5 days, 7 days range, many anticoccidial drugs have a certain degree of toxicity, must not repeat the drug And overdose medication. The growth and development of coccidia requires vitamins, so in the treatment of coccidiosis to minimize the use of vitamins, in order to prevent intestinal bleeding and maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be appropriate to add vitamin K and vitamin A. During the treatment of coccidiosis, timely replacement of litter and frequent disinfection of chickens and ducks are required.
Three principles of medication: 1. Phased medication, prevention of coccidiosis on poultry for 10 days after every other week with 3 days of anticoccidial medicine can effectively prevent the occurrence of coccidiosis. 2. In combination with past culture experience, preventive administration of coccidiosis in the first 2-3 days prior to multiple ages may have a preventive effect. 3. Properly administer anti-coccidial drugs in poor sanitation and rainy and damp weather to achieve the desired results.
Medication program: 1. Continuous medication, for the life history of coccidia, the treatment can be used for a week, and then a preventive dose (half) for another week. Intermittent cross-administration of drugs, use of an anticoccidial drug for 3-5 days, interval 3-5 days after the selection of another anticoccidial drug for efficacy consolidation. 3. Continuous cross-medication, the middle dressing does not stop.
8. Coccidiosis in chickens: widely distributed, widespread, and severely harmful to young birds.
1. Pathogens: mainly Eimeria, which has been found as many as 9 species, including E. coli which mainly parasitizes in the caecum mucosa of chicks and E. coli parasitic in the small intestine. the Lord.
2. Symptoms: weakness, mental fatigue, clustering, drooping wings, loose feathers, sleeping eyes closed, diarrhea, discharge of bloody feces or blood; eat less common sac sac food; anemia, leg weakness, phlegm and even failure to death.
3. Lesions: Significant swelling of the cecum, several times larger than normal, brown red or dark red, texture is more solid than normal, the cecum is often filled with yellow-white cheese-like necrotic material mixed with blood. Intestinal coccidiosis is characterized by significant swelling of the small intestine, inflammation of the intestinal wall, thickening, some grayish white spots visible on the serosa, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, swelling, covered with a thick layer of sticky exudate and mixed with small Blood clots.
9. Duck coccidiosis: There are 8 common species of duck coccidia, belonging to the genus Emeier, Zeta, Isopia, and Populus, most of which are parasitic in the intestine of the duck and a few in the kidney of the duck.
1. Pathogens: The duck coccidia in our country is mainly the destruction of zebra coccidia and philipsella coccidia, and two kinds of coccidia are often mixed infection.
2. Symptoms: On the fourth day after acute infection, symptoms such as mental fatigue, necking, food, thirsty, and lying are present. Rows of dark red or dark purple blood. More than the 4th and 5th days of acute death, appetite recovered gradually after the 6th day. Resistant diseased ducks grow slowly. Both morbidity and mortality are high. Chronic type usually does not show symptoms, occasionally diarrhea, become a source of infection.
3. Lesion: Acute type small intestine swelling bleeding, the contents of light red or bright red mucus. Severe swelling before and after the yolk pedicle, a large bleeding point on the mucosa, some seeing red and white dots, some covered with a layer of bran-like or cheese-like mucus, or a light red or deep red jelly Bloody mucus but no intestine core. In chronic cases, the back of the ileum and the rectum are often lightly bleeding. Occasionally, there is a bleeding point in the posterior ileum mucosa. The rectal mucosa is red and swollen.
X. Coccidium seedlings: After inactivating infectious oocysts of various coccidia, the coccidia seedlings made by special treatment are used. It is suitable for oral administration of low-day-old poultry, and it can produce immunity after repeated feeding on bedding or padding, which is suitable for laying poultry and breeding birds.
In recent years, we have tried and promoted the use of coccidian seedlings in modern large-scale broiler chicken breeding and achieved good control effects.
General principles for preventing coccidiosis: dry, clean, use coccidia or regular preventive medication. To tell the truth, if there is coccidiosis in the chicken farm, it will be very difficult to remove it completely. If the coccidium seedlings are used after thorough sterilization (use of sensitive drugs and blind flame torches), the effect will be better.
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