Reasonable fertilization refers to the rational supply and regulation of various nutrients necessary for crops to meet the needs of crop growth and development, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing production and improving the quality of agricultural products, reducing fertilizer waste and preventing environmental pollution.
The rational fertilization of summer corn should be comprehensively analyzed from the following aspects: the requirements of summer maize, target yield, soil properties, climatic conditions, fertilizer properties, and agricultural technical measures.
1. Summer Maize fertilizer requirements and fertilization. Summer corn due to tight sowing time, generally do not apply basal fertilizer, but pay attention to ensure the supply of phosphorus, because the corn nutrition critical period of phosphorus is about 7 days after emergence. The nutrient criticality of nitrogen is later than that of phosphorus, and it turns to vegetative growth during reproductive differentiation. The maximal nitrogen efficiency of maize during the big bellmouth period was early in the male period, during which the growth was rapid and the growth was large. During this period, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 2/3 of total nitrogen. The absorption of potassium by summer maize has reached the highest level at the time of heading and flowering, so potassium fertilizer should be applied early.
2. Target production and fertilization. For every 100kg of corn grain produced, it is necessary to absorb 3.43kg of nitrogen (N), 1.23kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 3.26kg of potassium oxide. Fertilizer should be balanced with fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
3. Soil properties and fertilization. In order to give full play to the role of fertilizer, according to the nature of the soil, select the type of fertilizer, determine the amount of fertilizer, fertilization period, fertilization methods. Generally, for soils with heavy soil quality, the growth of seedlings is unfavorable, and attention should be paid to the fertilization at the seedling stage; for soils with strong sand, poor fertility is necessary, so the fertilization should be performed in small quantities several times. The acidity and alkalinity of the soil directly affect the growth and nutrient conversion and absorption of the plant. Fertilizer should consider the nature of the soil and fertilizer species. In calcareous soils, the pH is neutral and alkaline, and the application of phosphate fertilizers should be selected from water-soluble phosphate fertilizers such as superphosphate and heavy superphosphate, or monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and other compound fertilizers with high phosphorus content. In saline-alkali land, sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride are generally not used. Sodium and chloride ions can increase the saline-alkali hazard to the soil.
4. Meteorological conditions and fertilization. Light, temperature, wind, precipitation and other conditions, on the one hand, directly affect the growth of roots and its absorption of nutrients, on the other hand also directly affect the status of nutrients in the soil, and will further affect the effect of fertilization. Summer corn is in high temperature and rainy season, and it grows rapidly. There is indeed a large demand for nutrients, but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled so as not to cause late-maturing lust. When selecting fertilizer types, nitrate nitrogen fertilizer should be avoided to prevent nutrient loss and water pollution due to excessive precipitation.
5. Fertilizer properties and fertilization. There are many kinds of fertilizers, different properties, and methods of application are also different. The ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is easily soluble in water, the crop can be directly absorbed and utilized, and the fertilizer has quick effects. However, when the alkali meets the heat, it is easy to decompose and volatilize, so the application should be deep and immediately cover the soil. After the urea is applied to the soil, it can be absorbed by the corn by the action of microorganisms and hydrolyzed and transformed. Therefore, urea should be applied in advance as a top dressing, and should be applied in the form of spraying, acupuncture, and furrowing to avoid spreading. Weak acid phosphate fertilizer should be applied to acidic soils. The application effect on the calcareous soil is poor. Potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other chemical neutral, physiological acidic fertilizers, the most suitable for application in neutral or calcareous soil.
6. Agricultural technical measures and fertilization. Agricultural technology measures are closely related to fertilizer effects. Tillage can not only change the physical and chemical properties of the soil and microbial activity, promote the decomposition of soil nutrients, regulate the supply status of soil nutrients, but also promote the growth of maize roots and the absorption capacity of nutrients; good irrigation conditions can greatly improve fertilizer efficiency, Give full play to the effects of fertilizer production; changes in farming systems, increase the multiple cropping index, not only need to increase the number of nutrients, the proportion of nutrients will also change; rational application of chemical fertilizers can promote individual robust growth of plants to enhance resistance.
In short, the rational fertilization of summer corn must not only understand the nutritional and physiological characteristics of corn, but also combine with the external environmental conditions and consider them as a whole. Only in this way can scientific fertilization and reasonable fertilization be done in order to give full play to fertilizer efficiency, increase the economic efficiency of fertilizers, achieve the goal of “high yield, high quality, and high efficiency†and achieve the goal of pollution-free production.
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