First, China's shrimp aquaculture industry is viewed from the export trade of shrimp in China in 2002.
According to customs statistics, in 2002 China exported 108,000 tons of shrimp and exported 570 million US dollars. Compared with 2001, they increased by 66% and 60% respectively, accounting for 12.2% of total exports of aquatic products. This is in line with China’s recovery of shrimp aquaculture production and a significant increase in production. Chinese enterprises are taking an opportunity to actively explore the U.S. market (up to 40,000 tons of shrimp for the United States). Although the number of prawns exported by the EU to the European Union has declined due to EU bans, the increase in total exports also fully shows that after China’s accession to the WTO, shrimp farmers in China’s shrimp aquaculture industry consciously abide by the aquaculture standards, making the shrimp farming standard Get international recognition.
However, from the specific situation of shrimp export trade, there are still several problems in the shrimp aquaculture industry in China:
1. The method of shrimp rearing is traditional and the use of drugs is not standardized. The export of shrimp is restricted by the barriers to SPS/TBT. 1 EU's requirements for quality control of imported aquatic products include examination of 63 indicators of freshness chemical indicators, natural toxins, parasites, microbial indicators, environmental toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticide residues, and radiation, including chloramphenicol and nitrofurazone. Malachite green, crystal violet, furazolidone, and polychlorinated biphenyls are not detectable. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Cholera cocci, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli were not detected in pathogenic bacteria. The EU ban in 2002 meant that China lost 450 million U.S. dollars in the EU market. 2 The US FDA has increased the sampling rate of chloramphenicol for aquatic products from China, pumping 6-12 samples per cabinet, and doing parallel samples without mixing samples. All test results are qualified to be cleared, as long as there are 1 The test results for each sample were positive, and the entire batch was judged as unacceptable, and the limit of chloramphenicol was increased from 1 ppb to 0.3 ppb. Currently, the method with higher sensitivity is being studied to 0.1 ppb. In addition, there are 11 other drugs that are prohibited for use in animal-derived foods: clenbuterol hydrochloride, diethylstilbestrol, dinitroimidazole, other nitroimidazoles, isonicotinoid imidazole, nitrofurazone , furazolidone, sulfonamides, phenylacetonate and glycopeptides. 3 Japan has detected 30 imported animal-originated food items, involving microbial, veterinary drug residues and many other aspects. Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare carried out batch testing of 10 kinds of drug residues on animal-origin foods exported from China. The types and maximum levels of the standards were: chlorotoxin (0.05ppm), sulfamethazine (0.02ppm), and sulfamethazine (0.01). Ppm), sulfonamide-6-methoxypyrimidine (0.03 ppm), sulfamethoxine (0.04 ppm), sulfaquinoxaline (0.05 ppm), fluoroquinoline (0.05 ppm), pyrimethamine (0.05 ppm) Chiffonson (0.1 ppm), nicarbazin (0.02 ppm). 4 South Korea is now the main market for China’s export of aquatic products. Because of this, South Korean officials have also made very high demands on my export of aquatic products. In the Sino-Korean Aquatic Products Hygienic Management Agreement, which was implemented on July 1, 2001, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were stipulated for pathogens in addition to requirements for microorganisms, chemical residues, and metal foreign materials. , Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus is negative or not detectable, the total number of E. coli and bacteria is limited; metal foreign matter, chloramphenicol, quinacridic acid, tiger red are not detectable, oxytetracycline ( 0.1ppm), paralytic shellfish poisoning (80ug/100g), sulfur dioxide (30ppm), carbon monoxide (20ppb). In the shrimp culture of 2002, although the share of exports increased significantly, many shrimps still found chloramphenicol in the self-inspection of various export companies and turned them into domestic sales.
2. The market size of farmed shrimp is small, and it does not meet the export specifications. The proportion of shrimp exports is low. In 2002, China's shrimp production reached 400,000 tons, while the export volume was less than 40%. In 2001, 11,500 tons of shrimp were produced in Vietnam, of which 110,000 tons were exported. In 2002, the export of cultured shrimp was more than 85% of the total output. Of the 112,000 tons exported in India in 2001, 85,000 tons were farmed shrimp. At present, China's cultivated prawn is seeking high yields. In the composition of listed products, less than 50% of the specifications are within 80/kg, and less than 20% of the specifications are within 60/kg. There is very little shrimp that can be exported. The market share of the small-size shrimp market is low, and it is difficult for aquaculture companies to achieve aquaculture benefits.
3. Concentration of product listing, vicious competition causes low prices, and breeding companies do not increase production. In 2002, shrimp cultured in the United States created the highest level of historical exports to the United States. However, due to the rapid increase in export volume, export prices have declined. Shrimp aquaculture companies in eight states have submitted anti-dumping measures to the Chinese government for imported shrimp from China. tax.
4, low product quality, international market competitiveness
The unit price of shrimp exports in major exporting countries in 1998:
Thailand China Indonesia Ecuador 9330 US dollars / ton 4798 US dollars / ton 6750 US dollars / ton 7453 US dollars / ton China's low price of cultured shrimp, in addition to processing technology is weak, the processing technology can not keep up with the market demand for aquatic products, the culture of shrimp dark spots White flies, soft shells, black clams, muddy (low-salt aquaculture), and hepatic pancreas breakage, etc., directly affect the selling of fresh frozen products on the market. The prolonged soaking in the acquisition process and the unreasonable use of preservatives also severely affected the quality of shrimp.
5. The construction of the export prawn breeding base is not complete, and the export shrimp culture technology is low.
In recent years, the scale of capital construction of shrimp farming has been large and the standard of Jiantang is high. Especially in Hainan and Zhanjiang of Guangdong, the average investment per mu of ponds has reached 30,000 yuan. However, it is used for supporting scientific management and physical and chemical factor monitoring of water quality. The investment in equipment and equipment is minimal, and the production management and breeding techniques still remain at the level of routinely reliance on experience. They are compared with the “Special Regulation Plan for Drug Residues in Exported Aquatic Products†of the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Administration of Quality Supervision, and the “Guangdong Marine and Fisheries Bureau†There is still a long way to go before the provincial export aquatic product raw material base registration (provisional) Measures and the Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau's "Notice on Implementing the Registration and Registration Management of Exported Aquatic Products Raw Material Base" requirements.
Second, the export of shrimp farming technology points Export shrimp culture technology is based on the international market for the safety and health of shrimp quality requirements, construction, support and improve the shrimp export base, strengthen the breeding of shrimp broodstock broodstock breeding, larval production, seedling cultivation, cultivation The methods for monitoring and managing the use of pathogenic micro-organisms, water quality, fishery medicines, and feeds throughout the entire process of harvesting, selling, and improving the quality of shrimp.
1. The production of seedlings and the requirements for seedlings can not be selected by the seedlings. Parents should be imported from the original or improved farms in accordance with the relevant provisions of the “Administrative Measures on Aquatic Seed Management†promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture to ensure quality. Meet the germplasm standard. In the breeding process, parents should be prevented from over-producing spawning for a long time, avoiding high-temperature nursery, prohibiting antibiotics, preventing cross-contamination, and using biological baits to cultivate seed. Each batch of ponds in the breeding process should include records of water quality control, food, medicines, disease, and water quality management and correction. The seedlings produced by the nursery shall be SPF seedlings, which require the body to be up to standard, metamorphose synchronously, evenly distributed, uncontaminated, not sick, and disabled. At the time of sale, the farmer must be provided with a certified test certificate.
2. Management of cultured water quality The water sources of the breeding farms and nursery sites must be tested and determined to be free of chemical pollution sources. Freshwater water sources are free of pesticides, polychlorinated organics, hydrocarbons, phenols, and heavy metals. During the breeding process, the water quality indicators such as temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and sulfide were measured twice a day. Bio-agents such as "Yixhuibao" Bacillus subtilis preparations and "nitrobacteria" preparations, a variety of mineral water quality improvers and sediment modifiers, bio-fertilizers, etc. to improve the aquaculture water environment and stabilize the water color and control harmful microorganisms Reproduction. According to the growth of shrimp, timely adjustment of salinity, and promote the growth of shrimp, but the salinity must be controlled in more than 5 ,, so as not to develop muddy products. The sewage outlets of the farms should be separated from the inlets to avoid water pollution, and a water source monitoring system should be established to prevent red tide hazards.
3. Disease control and fishery drug use requirements must be monitored throughout the entire cultivation process for pathogenic microorganisms. According to the population of pathogenic microorganisms and their propagation speed, timely measures should be taken to scientifically use drugs. With reference to the NY5071-2001 "Guidelines for the Use of Pesticide Fishery Drugs" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, the use of heavy metals salts, pesticides, dyes, furans, sulfonamides, antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives are restricted or prohibited. Metabolic, residual, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic drugs. Selecting the main components and contents, and identifying the drugs that meet the safety and health requirements of aquatic products without residue or low residue, such as “Chinese shrimp prawn net†Chinese herbal preparations and “Strong Ke 101†type 10-chain quaternary amine salts active iodine Preparations and so on. Establish a comprehensive, complete and real record of drug use and strictly implement the withdrawal period.
4, the rational use of feed and other nutrients, improve the quality of shrimp exports The quality of cultured shrimp is not pure in the past only to meet the freshness and no drug residues, no pathogens are good quality, now export shrimp products also require good color, Contains no toxins and chemicals, low muscle moisture, no dark spots, hard shell, no mud, no dislocation, etc. Therefore, the selection of high-quality feeds and the rational use of various nutrient additives are of great significance to improve the quality of cultured shrimp and improve the competitiveness of the cultured shrimps in the international market. Feed and nutrition of shrimp directly affect the growth rate, disease resistance, disease resistance, body color, vitality and other quality factors. In the general culture, it is often found that the shrimp is made up with little astaxanthin, and the body is white, the shell is soft, and the hepatopancreas is easy. Breaking at the time of arrest, etc., these are the results of producers using low-quality feed, not paying attention to nutrient regulation, and low level of aquaculture management.
According to customs statistics, in 2002 China exported 108,000 tons of shrimp and exported 570 million US dollars. Compared with 2001, they increased by 66% and 60% respectively, accounting for 12.2% of total exports of aquatic products. This is in line with China’s recovery of shrimp aquaculture production and a significant increase in production. Chinese enterprises are taking an opportunity to actively explore the U.S. market (up to 40,000 tons of shrimp for the United States). Although the number of prawns exported by the EU to the European Union has declined due to EU bans, the increase in total exports also fully shows that after China’s accession to the WTO, shrimp farmers in China’s shrimp aquaculture industry consciously abide by the aquaculture standards, making the shrimp farming standard Get international recognition.
However, from the specific situation of shrimp export trade, there are still several problems in the shrimp aquaculture industry in China:
1. The method of shrimp rearing is traditional and the use of drugs is not standardized. The export of shrimp is restricted by the barriers to SPS/TBT. 1 EU's requirements for quality control of imported aquatic products include examination of 63 indicators of freshness chemical indicators, natural toxins, parasites, microbial indicators, environmental toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticide residues, and radiation, including chloramphenicol and nitrofurazone. Malachite green, crystal violet, furazolidone, and polychlorinated biphenyls are not detectable. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Cholera cocci, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli were not detected in pathogenic bacteria. The EU ban in 2002 meant that China lost 450 million U.S. dollars in the EU market. 2 The US FDA has increased the sampling rate of chloramphenicol for aquatic products from China, pumping 6-12 samples per cabinet, and doing parallel samples without mixing samples. All test results are qualified to be cleared, as long as there are 1 The test results for each sample were positive, and the entire batch was judged as unacceptable, and the limit of chloramphenicol was increased from 1 ppb to 0.3 ppb. Currently, the method with higher sensitivity is being studied to 0.1 ppb. In addition, there are 11 other drugs that are prohibited for use in animal-derived foods: clenbuterol hydrochloride, diethylstilbestrol, dinitroimidazole, other nitroimidazoles, isonicotinoid imidazole, nitrofurazone , furazolidone, sulfonamides, phenylacetonate and glycopeptides. 3 Japan has detected 30 imported animal-originated food items, involving microbial, veterinary drug residues and many other aspects. Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare carried out batch testing of 10 kinds of drug residues on animal-origin foods exported from China. The types and maximum levels of the standards were: chlorotoxin (0.05ppm), sulfamethazine (0.02ppm), and sulfamethazine (0.01). Ppm), sulfonamide-6-methoxypyrimidine (0.03 ppm), sulfamethoxine (0.04 ppm), sulfaquinoxaline (0.05 ppm), fluoroquinoline (0.05 ppm), pyrimethamine (0.05 ppm) Chiffonson (0.1 ppm), nicarbazin (0.02 ppm). 4 South Korea is now the main market for China’s export of aquatic products. Because of this, South Korean officials have also made very high demands on my export of aquatic products. In the Sino-Korean Aquatic Products Hygienic Management Agreement, which was implemented on July 1, 2001, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were stipulated for pathogens in addition to requirements for microorganisms, chemical residues, and metal foreign materials. , Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus is negative or not detectable, the total number of E. coli and bacteria is limited; metal foreign matter, chloramphenicol, quinacridic acid, tiger red are not detectable, oxytetracycline ( 0.1ppm), paralytic shellfish poisoning (80ug/100g), sulfur dioxide (30ppm), carbon monoxide (20ppb). In the shrimp culture of 2002, although the share of exports increased significantly, many shrimps still found chloramphenicol in the self-inspection of various export companies and turned them into domestic sales.
2. The market size of farmed shrimp is small, and it does not meet the export specifications. The proportion of shrimp exports is low. In 2002, China's shrimp production reached 400,000 tons, while the export volume was less than 40%. In 2001, 11,500 tons of shrimp were produced in Vietnam, of which 110,000 tons were exported. In 2002, the export of cultured shrimp was more than 85% of the total output. Of the 112,000 tons exported in India in 2001, 85,000 tons were farmed shrimp. At present, China's cultivated prawn is seeking high yields. In the composition of listed products, less than 50% of the specifications are within 80/kg, and less than 20% of the specifications are within 60/kg. There is very little shrimp that can be exported. The market share of the small-size shrimp market is low, and it is difficult for aquaculture companies to achieve aquaculture benefits.
3. Concentration of product listing, vicious competition causes low prices, and breeding companies do not increase production. In 2002, shrimp cultured in the United States created the highest level of historical exports to the United States. However, due to the rapid increase in export volume, export prices have declined. Shrimp aquaculture companies in eight states have submitted anti-dumping measures to the Chinese government for imported shrimp from China. tax.
4, low product quality, international market competitiveness
The unit price of shrimp exports in major exporting countries in 1998:
Thailand China Indonesia Ecuador 9330 US dollars / ton 4798 US dollars / ton 6750 US dollars / ton 7453 US dollars / ton China's low price of cultured shrimp, in addition to processing technology is weak, the processing technology can not keep up with the market demand for aquatic products, the culture of shrimp dark spots White flies, soft shells, black clams, muddy (low-salt aquaculture), and hepatic pancreas breakage, etc., directly affect the selling of fresh frozen products on the market. The prolonged soaking in the acquisition process and the unreasonable use of preservatives also severely affected the quality of shrimp.
5. The construction of the export prawn breeding base is not complete, and the export shrimp culture technology is low.
In recent years, the scale of capital construction of shrimp farming has been large and the standard of Jiantang is high. Especially in Hainan and Zhanjiang of Guangdong, the average investment per mu of ponds has reached 30,000 yuan. However, it is used for supporting scientific management and physical and chemical factor monitoring of water quality. The investment in equipment and equipment is minimal, and the production management and breeding techniques still remain at the level of routinely reliance on experience. They are compared with the “Special Regulation Plan for Drug Residues in Exported Aquatic Products†of the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Administration of Quality Supervision, and the “Guangdong Marine and Fisheries Bureau†There is still a long way to go before the provincial export aquatic product raw material base registration (provisional) Measures and the Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau's "Notice on Implementing the Registration and Registration Management of Exported Aquatic Products Raw Material Base" requirements.
Second, the export of shrimp farming technology points Export shrimp culture technology is based on the international market for the safety and health of shrimp quality requirements, construction, support and improve the shrimp export base, strengthen the breeding of shrimp broodstock broodstock breeding, larval production, seedling cultivation, cultivation The methods for monitoring and managing the use of pathogenic micro-organisms, water quality, fishery medicines, and feeds throughout the entire process of harvesting, selling, and improving the quality of shrimp.
1. The production of seedlings and the requirements for seedlings can not be selected by the seedlings. Parents should be imported from the original or improved farms in accordance with the relevant provisions of the “Administrative Measures on Aquatic Seed Management†promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture to ensure quality. Meet the germplasm standard. In the breeding process, parents should be prevented from over-producing spawning for a long time, avoiding high-temperature nursery, prohibiting antibiotics, preventing cross-contamination, and using biological baits to cultivate seed. Each batch of ponds in the breeding process should include records of water quality control, food, medicines, disease, and water quality management and correction. The seedlings produced by the nursery shall be SPF seedlings, which require the body to be up to standard, metamorphose synchronously, evenly distributed, uncontaminated, not sick, and disabled. At the time of sale, the farmer must be provided with a certified test certificate.
2. Management of cultured water quality The water sources of the breeding farms and nursery sites must be tested and determined to be free of chemical pollution sources. Freshwater water sources are free of pesticides, polychlorinated organics, hydrocarbons, phenols, and heavy metals. During the breeding process, the water quality indicators such as temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and sulfide were measured twice a day. Bio-agents such as "Yixhuibao" Bacillus subtilis preparations and "nitrobacteria" preparations, a variety of mineral water quality improvers and sediment modifiers, bio-fertilizers, etc. to improve the aquaculture water environment and stabilize the water color and control harmful microorganisms Reproduction. According to the growth of shrimp, timely adjustment of salinity, and promote the growth of shrimp, but the salinity must be controlled in more than 5 ,, so as not to develop muddy products. The sewage outlets of the farms should be separated from the inlets to avoid water pollution, and a water source monitoring system should be established to prevent red tide hazards.
3. Disease control and fishery drug use requirements must be monitored throughout the entire cultivation process for pathogenic microorganisms. According to the population of pathogenic microorganisms and their propagation speed, timely measures should be taken to scientifically use drugs. With reference to the NY5071-2001 "Guidelines for the Use of Pesticide Fishery Drugs" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, the use of heavy metals salts, pesticides, dyes, furans, sulfonamides, antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives are restricted or prohibited. Metabolic, residual, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic drugs. Selecting the main components and contents, and identifying the drugs that meet the safety and health requirements of aquatic products without residue or low residue, such as “Chinese shrimp prawn net†Chinese herbal preparations and “Strong Ke 101†type 10-chain quaternary amine salts active iodine Preparations and so on. Establish a comprehensive, complete and real record of drug use and strictly implement the withdrawal period.
4, the rational use of feed and other nutrients, improve the quality of shrimp exports The quality of cultured shrimp is not pure in the past only to meet the freshness and no drug residues, no pathogens are good quality, now export shrimp products also require good color, Contains no toxins and chemicals, low muscle moisture, no dark spots, hard shell, no mud, no dislocation, etc. Therefore, the selection of high-quality feeds and the rational use of various nutrient additives are of great significance to improve the quality of cultured shrimp and improve the competitiveness of the cultured shrimps in the international market. Feed and nutrition of shrimp directly affect the growth rate, disease resistance, disease resistance, body color, vitality and other quality factors. In the general culture, it is often found that the shrimp is made up with little astaxanthin, and the body is white, the shell is soft, and the hepatopancreas is easy. Breaking at the time of arrest, etc., these are the results of producers using low-quality feed, not paying attention to nutrient regulation, and low level of aquaculture management.
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