In the fall and winter season, cloudy, hazy and low-temperature weather will increase, which will have a great impact on vegetable production in the suburbs of Beijing. The plant protection station technicians found in the field survey that the farmers often used the boring method to maintain the temperature inside the shed, but at the same time caused the humidity in the shed to be too high. The low-temperature and high-humidity environment was a favorable condition for diseases such as gray mold, and the light intensity was low. Photosynthesis of crops cannot be carried out, resulting in a weak overall crop condition and a decline in the ability of flowering. It is suggested that farmers should prevent vegetable diseases from occurring in the following ways.
Lighting management
In hazy weather, straw mats and quilts should be opened daily to allow crops to use weak light for photosynthesis; choose a transparence film with good transparency, and clean the shed film in time to enhance light permeability; Fill the light and fill the light curtain in the back wall.
Water Management
In humid and hazy weather, the crop roots are weak, and the metabolic level is low. Water should not be poured. The water should be properly watered according to the weather conditions. Watering should be done by drip irrigation under the membrane. The humidity in the greenhouse should be strictly controlled to prevent the occurrence of low temperature and high humidity environment and prevent the occurrence of diseases. .
Fertilizer management
Fog and haze weather should not be a large amount of fertilizer, appropriate amount of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer can be added, after the weather is fine, can be sprayed on the foliar amount of water and foliar fertilizer, wait for the crop to return to normal growth and then the normal water and fertilizer management.
Botrytis cinerea infects tomato fruits
In winter, the cultivation of common facilities is commonly used to prevent botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea is one of the diseases that can easily occur in the greenhouse cultivation in winter. Botrytis cinerea infests the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of tomato, but the damage is more serious. . Leaf disease, mostly from the leaves or long-term condensation of the tip or the edge of the leaf infection, the "V" shaped inward expansion, the initial water stains, after the development of a brown-brown and concentric ring lesions . Stems infected mostly from pruning, and when the environment is wet, a layer of gray mold is produced. If it is not removed in time, it spreads to the stem once it becomes infected, leading to plant necrosis. After flowering or fruiting, the disease often invades from the leftover stigma or open petals, along the petals to the fruit or fruit pedicel, resulting in the formation of ash brown necrotic spots, when the air is wet, the disease rots and produces a thick gray. Moldy layer, causing a lot of production cuts.
Botrytis cinerea infests tomato leaves
In case of continuous rainy or hazy weather, prevention of gray mold should not be watered or sprayed to prevent the humidity from increasing again. The temperature in the shed can be ventilated at the same time. The stigma should be removed immediately after the fruit is set in the tomato to prevent infection. The control of gray mold can use 300 million CFU/KHZ WP, 40% berberine water, 200 million/Kg Trichoderma WP; also 500 g/L Iprodione suspension, 400 g/l pyrimethanil suspension and 50% boscalidrine water dispersible granules were sprayed.
Tomato malformation
The main causes of tomato misshapen fruit are: tomato in low temperature, lack of light, poor management of fertilizer and water, improper use of plant growth stimulating hormone, root-to-crown imbalance, flower organs and fruit can not be fully developed, sharp peaks, deformities, or excessive nutrient transport. In flowering buds that are being differentiated, the flower buds cause cell division and hypermutation, and the number of tomatoes increases, thereby forming multi-ventricular abnormalities; or the tomato fruit pedicle to the umbilicus, the tethered line, and in the case of increased soil moisture, the fruit will Cracking occurs from the location of the line of the strands to form a zipper.
The prevention and control of tomato malformation, control of light and temperature and humidity in the shed indoors is the key. The temperature in the shed needs to be kept at 20°C-25°C during the day and 10°C-17°C at night. Strengthen field management to avoid increasing the incidence of malformed fruit due to polynitrogen and water. It is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the amount of watering during the nursery. After emergence of seedlings after planting, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, reasonably control the humidity, apply appropriate plant growth regulators, and avoid spraying growth regulators into the plant growth points by mistake.
Late blight of tomato late blight can infect stems, leaves and fruits of tomato. When the leaves are susceptible, the bacteria first invade from the tip of the leaf or the edge of the leaf. At the beginning, it is a grayish-green dot, which later turns into an irregular, dark-green, water-stained lesion that eventually turns brown. When the temperature and humidity are appropriate, a white mold layer will be formed at the junction of diseased and healthy leaves. When the petiole and stem are infected, irregular brownish necrotic spots are formed and the diseased surface is rough. The fruits of the green fruit are susceptible to disease, irregular brownish necrotic spots form on the surface of the fruit, and white moldy layers when the air is wet.
To prevent tomato late blight, we should avoid excessive humidity in the greenhouse for a long time, timely ventilation, and timely removal of diseased plants in the early stages of disease. For the control of late blight, 250 grams per litre of azoxystrobin suspension, 70% propionic zinc WP, 100 grams per litre of cyclosulfazide suspension, and 72% of urea manganese zinc wettable powder can be used for spraying.
Cucumber Sclerotinia
Humidity above 85% in the greenhouse is conducive to the onset of sclerotinia. The lower and middle larvae and vines in the plant are often severely affected. The young squash are infected and mostly invade from the top. The water stains are dark green and rot at the beginning. The thick and dense white mold was produced. When the environmental conditions were suitable, the diseased white mold turned into black mouse fecal sclerotia. Stems were damaged, and began to produce faded water-soaked lesions, followed by softening and rot. The diseased part produced white flocculent hyphae, which later formed the black mouse fecal nucleus, causing the disease to die.
Use chemical control, can use 50% Boscalid water dispersible granules, 50% Pythium carbendazim wettable powder, 25% carbendazim wettable powder, 33% polyketone wettable powder, 255 g / l different Bacterial urea suspension and 25% prochloraz EC were sprayed.
Cucumber downy mildew
Cucumber downy mildew mainly occurs on the leaves. The diseased leaves showed light green water stains at the beginning. After being expanded, they were limited by the veins. They were polygonal, yellowish-greenish, and brownish. The lesions merged in later stages and the whole leaf was dry. When the leaves were wet, black and mildew layers developed on the back surface of the leaves. When severe, the leaves of the whole plant die.
The prevention of cucumber downy mildew using the characteristics of protected areas to create a high temperature, low humidity environment is particularly important, in the continuous fog and rain before the arrival of the weather, the use of spraying protective agents or agents fumigation method can play a better preventive effect , such as 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent. In the early stage of the disease, 20% flumorpha WP, 250 g/l azoxystrobin suspension or 80% dimethomorph water dispersible granules can be sprayed for prevention and treatment.
Acute wilting of leafy vegetables
In the continuing haze weather, the roots of the vegetable crops grow weak. After a continuous cloudy day, the quilts and straw mats will be uncovered in an emergency, which will increase the temperature inside the greenhouse and cause evaporation of the leaves of the vegetables. However, the ability of the roots to absorb water is less than that of the leaves. The amount of water evaporated causes acute wilting of vegetables and severely affects crop growth.
After a long period of sunny days, it is advisable to lift some quilts and straw mats first, so that the temperature in the shed will rise slowly. After the plants resume their growth, they will be fully uncovered for normal water and fertilizer management.
Currently, the city's plant protection machinery holdings are still dominated by traditional manual knapsack sprayers. The proportion of automated machinery is less than 10%. It has the disadvantages of poor pesticide deposition and loss, resulting in a pesticide utilization rate of only 39.8%. In addition, the aging of such medical equipment nozzle components, pesticide run, run, leak, drip phenomenon occurs. The new type of backpack-type normal-temperature smoke applicator with water-saving, energy-saving, high-efficiency and simple operation has been used in the city's green prevention and control demonstration base. Room temperature aerosol application machine mu application only 5-10 minutes, mu water consumption of 5-10 liters, pesticide utilization increased by more than 30%.
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