Production and Application of Compound Soybean Phospholipid Powder Soybean phospholipids are products derived from the production of soybean oil, and their contents in soybeans range from 1.2% to 3.2%. It is an ester composed of glycerin, fatty acids, choline or bile amine and is soluble in oils and non-polar solvents. The composition of soybean phospholipids is complex and mainly contains lecithin (about 34.2%), cephalin (about 19.7%), inositol phospholipid (about 16.0%), phosphatidylserine (about 15.8%), phosphatidic acid (about 3.6%) and other phospholipids (about 10.7%). The three main phospholipids are: lecithin, which is composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and choline; cephalins, similar in structure to lecithin, contain aminoethanol instead of choline; inositol phospholipids, It consists of glycerin, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and inositol. Soybean phospholipids play an important role in fat metabolism, muscle growth, nervous system development and in vivo anti-oxidative damage in livestock and poultry. In recent years, soybean phospholipids have been used as a feed additive to replace some fats in the feed industry.
1 Physicochemical properties of soybean phospholipids Pure soybean phospholipids are white solid materials at high temperatures and turn pale yellow or brown due to refining and air contact. Soybean phospholipids are soluble in organic solvents such as fats and oils, fatty acids, and benzene and ether. They are partially soluble in ethanol and are extremely difficult to dissolve in acetone and methyl acetate and are insoluble in water. Phospholipids have the properties of a hydrocolloid that absorbs water and swells when in contact with water, thereby greatly reducing its solubility in oils and fats and precipitating from the oil. In the phospholipid molecule, there are phosphate and amino alcohol hydrophilic groups and carbon-hydrogen-hydrophobic hydrophobic groups, so the phospholipid can act as a surfactant and can make the two immiscible phases of water and oil form a stable emulsion. This is because phospholipids form an interfacial layer between the water and oil phases and reduce the surface tension between oil and water, making it a very good emulsifier and dispersant. Phospholipids are not stable in the air or in the sun, they are easily oxidized and turned black, but they are relatively stable in oils and fats. Phospholipids have good heat resistance but gradually decompose when the temperature exceeds 150°C. Phospholipids are easily hydrolyzed under acid-base conditions and their products are fatty acids, glycerol, phosphoric acid, amino alcohols and inositols.
2 Types of soybean phospholipids According to the different processing methods of soybean phospholipids, they can be divided into the following types:
2.1 Natural crude phospholipids are prepared by vacuum dehydration of soybean by-products (oil feet), also known as concentrated soy phospholipids. The acetone insolubles (phospholipids and glycolipids) content of the product ranged from 60% to 64%, and the soybean oil content ranged from 36% to 40%.
2.2 Modified soybean phospholipids are made from concentrated soybean phospholipids by chemical modification and have good hydrophilicity and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsification function. There are three main methods for modification: physical methods, chemical methods, and enzymatic methods. Its acetone insoluble content is the same as that of natural crude phospholipids, but its emulsifying and hydrophilic properties are significantly higher than that of concentrated soybean phospholipids. Therefore, it has greater advantages in feed additive performance, liquid feed preparation, and energy digestion and absorption. Feed is widely used.
2.3 Powdered soybean phospholipids Concentrated soybean phospholipids High-purity phospholipid products obtained by degumming with acetone, also called deoiled phospholipid powder. The color is beige or light brown-yellow, granular, and the content of insoluble acetone is 95% to 98%.
2.4 Refined soybean phospholipids Powdered soybean phospholipids prepared by acetone precipitation can be purified by ethanol extraction. After ethanol treatment, they are divided into alcohol-soluble and alcohol-insoluble fractions. The alcohol-soluble part of phosphatidylcholine is high in content and enhances its hydrophilicity. It is an O/W emulsifier; the alcohol-insoluble part is divided into phosphatidic acid ethanolamine and phospholipid inositol, which is a W/O emulsifier.
2.5 Phospholipid vegetable oils and fatty acid diluted phospholipid products, low viscosity, easy to pump or spray. Phospholipid content is generally 30% to 52%.
2.6 powdery soya lecithin liquid phospholipid loader formed solid powdered products. Phospholipid content is 10% to 50%.
2.7 Bleached soybean phospholipids The crude phospholipids are further dehydrated after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. The water content is less than 1%.
3 Physiological nutrition of soybean phospholipids The main components of soybean phospholipids are oils, phospholipids, choline, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin E. Phospholipids are an important part of biofilms and are an indispensable part of animal brain, neural tissue, bone marrow, and viscera. They are important for the growth and development of young animals. Most of the phospholipids are present in the cell wall matrix, cell membranes, myelin sheaths, mitochondria and microsomes in the form of lipoprotein complexes. Their role is to make nonpolar substances highly permeable. Phospholipids also participate in the metabolism of lipids and promote the digestion of lipids in feed. Absorption, translocation and synthesis prevent fatty liver production. Phospholipids not only participate in the metabolism of fatty acids, but also improve the absorption of vitamin A. Phospholipids also participate in the activity of sodium and potassium ions, activating some nerve tissue. Essential fatty acids in phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids are indispensable components of tissue cells. They also enhance tissue and organ function, increase the vitality of the animal's immune system, and increase anti-stress and disease resistance. Choline can save part of the body's methionine. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid in oils and fats cannot be synthesized by animals and are indispensable for cell structure and metabolism, and must be taken from feed. Vitamin E has an antioxidant effect and protects other vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids in the feed.
4 Soybean phospholipids in animal production
4.1 Prevention of Fatty Liver Fish Nutritional Fatty liver has serious effects on fish growth, meat quality and disease resistance; chicken fatty liver can lead to decreased egg production and increased mortality. The physiological cause of fatty liver syndrome is mainly the lack of phospholipids, because phospholipids are very important for fat metabolism. Phospholipid molecules have emulsifying properties and contain unsaturated fatty acids that can esterify cholesterol and regulate fat and cholesterol transport and deposition in the blood. Animals synthesize phospholipids in the liver and can continue to transport these fats outside the liver by forming lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are complexes of phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoproteins. Without sufficient phospholipids, lipoproteins cannot form, and the liver is filled with fat. As fat tissue is infiltrated by the thin tissue of the liver wall, other important chemical processes and synthesis cannot proceed smoothly, and other related functions of the body will be affected. Therefore, supplementing a certain amount of phospholipids in the feed enables the synthesis of lipoproteins to proceed smoothly, and the fat in the liver can be transported out to prevent the occurrence of fatty liver. Cao Junming et al. (1997) studied the grass carp showed that when dietary soybean phospholipids were added in a certain amount, the liver lipid lipid content of grass carp was greatly reduced.
4.2 Improve body fat composition in animals Adding the proper amount of soybean phospholipids in the feed can increase the slaughter rate, reduce abdominal fat, and improve meat quality. Since soybean phospholipid products contain a certain amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), these animals are not saturated in body fat because they feed on feed containing soybean phospholipids. The content of fatty acids will increase accordingly to achieve the goal of improving body fat. Shao et al. (1996) added soybean phospholipids to high-fat diets and fed rats. As a result, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoproteins were significantly reduced. This suggests that soybean phospholipids can reduce blood lipids. The experiments of Cao Junming et al. (1997) showed that after feeding grass carp with 5% phospholipid-containing feed, the composition of fatty acids in the liver and pancreas changed after 52 days, and the levels of EPA and DHA increased significantly, indicating that soybean phospholipids can improve the body fat of grass carp. constitute. Experiments by Wang Ruojun et al. (1997) showed that soybean phospholipids can completely replace soybean oil in broiler chicken diets, increase slaughter rate, reduce abdominal fat and improve meat quality.
4.3 Increase growth efficiency and feed conversion rate
4.3.1 Domestic and foreign pig studies have shown that piglets have less emulsifying capacity for fat due to insufficient bile secretion within 14 days after weaning. Adding phospholipids to piglet diets can increase the digestibility of dietary crude protein and energy, reduce diarrhea due to indigestion, promote metabolism, and improve weight gain and feed conversion. Gunther (1994) showed that adding 0.2% deoiled soybean phospholipids to the weaned piglets diet, the daily gain of piglets increased by 9.5% compared to the control group, and the feed-to-weight ratio decreased by 7.5%; 0.6 The daily weight gain increased by 17.1% and the feed weight ratio decreased by 12%. Gan Yiling (2000) conducted experiments on soybean phospholipids in weaned piglets and found that the daily gain of piglets supplemented with soybean phospholipids increased by 6.8% and saved feed by approximately 5.4%. Adding soy phospholipids to growing pig diets has the same effect. Li Li (1999) showed that adding 5% soybean phospholipid to the growth pig diet can increase the daily gain by 7%.
4.3.2 Studies in cattle have confirmed that adding phospholipids can significantly improve the non-dairy fat digestibility of calves in artificial milk. The soy phospholipids were added to the calf feed at 40-50 g/d. The average daily gain in the test group was 870-880 g for 5 months, which was 53%-64% higher than the control group. Simultaneously adding phospholipids and fats to the feed can solve the problems of metabolic disorders and growth retardation that occur when calves are fed diets combining casein, lactose, minerals, and vitamins.
4.3.3 Poultry Studies have reported that the addition of phospholipids to broiler diets can improve the growth of the chicks, increase the storage of vitamin A in the liver, and promote bone growth. Dr. Zhao Qinghui (1996) showed that adding 2% modified phospholipids to broiler diets can increase the weight gain by 7% to 10%, increase the feed remuneration by 5% to 8%, and give 1.5% to laying hens. With soybean phospholipid feed, the egg production rate increased by 9.9, and feed compensation increased by 9.2%. Chang Kaicheng (1998) replaced all 3% fats in layer diets with concentrated soybean phospholipids and added more hens to the broiler chickens. l%, protein consumption decreased by 7.2%.
4.3.4 Aquatic fishes The rapid growth of fish after hatching requires abundant phospholipids to constitute the components of the cells. When the biosynthesis of phospholipids does not fully meet the needs of larvae, phospholipids need to be added to the feed. In addition, phospholipids in feed can also promote the use of cholesterol in crustaceans and increase the growth and survival rate of crustaceans. The requirement of phospholipids is different for shrimps at different growth stages. The need for phospholipids in juveniles is high due to the inability of juveniles to synthesize enough phospholipids for growth and metabolism. Abramo et al. (1981) demonstrated that lobster requires lecithin to ensure its survival during shelling. Japanese scientists pointed out that diets containing 0.5% to 1% of phospholipids are necessary for the growth and survival of juvenile shrimp. Xue Yongrui et al. (1989) showed that adding 2% modified soybean phospholipids to carp feed increased the yield by 30.7% compared to the control group, the feed coefficient decreased by 0.21, and the feed cost decreased by 9.63%. Poston (1990) added 4% or 8% of soybean phospholipids to feed, significantly reducing the feed coefficient of Atlantic salmon. Kanagana et al. (1985) reported that adding 1% soybean phospholipids to shrimps can increase shrimp growth and survival.
5 Factors Affecting the Application of Soybean Phospholipid With the rapid development of animal husbandry and feed industry, the competition for feed in the market has become increasingly fierce. Soybean phospholipid products as an alternative to vegetable oil, energy raw materials to reduce feed costs, more and more manufacturers, aquaculture households value and use. However, due to the fact that this kind of product is just in the development stage in China, the technology is not yet very mature, the quality of products varies greatly, and the domestic feed industry has not formulated corresponding quality standards. In addition, some use units do not have the same performance and quality. Clear, so the product also brought a lot of losses to feed processing companies and farmers. In recent years, many fodder processing enterprises in the northeast China have suffered from quality accidents after applying phospholipids, such as mildew and deterioration in feed, brain tissue softening in broilers, white muscle disease, decreased immunity, diarrhoea, decreased feed intake, and even food refusal. Many accidents are caused by phospholipids or have a direct relationship with phospholipids.
Secondly, due to the higher processing costs and higher operating costs of powdered phospholipids, the crude soybean phospholipids used in the feed industry are basically semi-solid at room temperature and have a very high viscosity. They cannot be mixed uniformly for feeds, even at high temperatures. Adding is also difficult to mix. In order to solve the problem of the mixing of phospholipids in feed, the composite phospholipid powder (powdered soybean phospholipid) has been well developed in recent years.
6 Production of Compound Phospholipid Powder The production process of composite phospholipid powder is very simple, that is, it can be mixed with phospholipid oil after puffing corn.
At present, there are many manufacturers in the northeast region producing composite phospholipid powder, and many of our company's extruder users are also engaged in the production of this product. It should be noted that expanded corn in compound phospholipid powder has a higher degree of puffing than common extruded feed corn and requires higher adsorption performance to produce products with higher fat and phospholipid content. Our users generally use 45 to 50% of expanded corn flour to adsorb 50 to 55% of phospholipid oil. The final product is a pale yellow to brownish powder with inherent aroma of soybean phospholipids and extruded corn, containing phospholipids, soybean oil, protein, and carbon Compounds, choline (0.8%-1.1%), essential fatty acids (16-20%) VE, etc. Main components: crude fat ≥ 50%, crude protein 4-7%, phospholipid ≥ 30%, moisture ≤ 6%, acid Price ≤ 20%, particle size (mesh) 20-30, energy (kcal/kg) ≥ 6,000.
7 Application of compound soybean phospholipid powder Compound soybean phospholipid powder can improve the energy and nutritional value of feed; improve feed conversion rate, reduce the feed coefficient; improve the palatability of feed, has a lure effect; improve the physical quality and yield of granulation, reduce Powder loss and energy consumption of feed during extrusion molding; prevention of dust flying and automatic feed grading; reduction of the loss of water-soluble nutrients in aquatic feed; improvement of bleaching and sedimentation of aqua feed in water; reduction of feed waste and water pollution Promote the absorption and absorption of lipids, prevent fatty liver, promote the growth and development of young animals, improve the survival rate, improve the growth rate and production performance of animals, increase the reproductive capacity of animals, and enhance the resistance of animal body. It is convenient for feed processing and can replace some fats. And synthetic choline chloride.
7.1 Use of meat and poultry to improve palatability, relieve stress, and shorten slaughter time.
Improve the immune system, enhance resistance to disease, effectively prevent fatty liver, ascites syndrome and sudden death. Improve slaughter rate, reduce abdominal fat, improve meat flavor, and effectively increase liver weight. The total weight gain rate increased by 5%, the survival rate increased by 1.5%, the feed-to-meat ratio decreased by 2%, and the metabolic energy was increased by ≥ 5.69 MCal/kg, which was 1.5 to 3% in the early stage, 2.5 to 4% in the middle stage, and 3.5 to 5% in the later stage.
7.2 Eggs shall be used to improve the quality of egg shells, reduce broken eggs, white eggs and meat, improve the quality of egg yolks and increase the size of eggs. Improve fertility and hatchability. Enhance the vitality of the immune system and relieve stress.
The egg production rate increased by 5%, egg weight increased by about 2.5 grams. The peak period of egg production is extended by half a month. Add directly, 2 to 5% of egg bird.
7.3 Suckling Pigs, Piglets, and Finishing Pigs Effectively reduce the amount of powdered dust.
Improve palatability, promote growth, increase survival, shorten slaughter time, and relieve stress. Strengthens disease resistance and the ability of the piglets to keep out the cold. Pigs are thin and delicate, with bright fur and increased lean meat. Increase weight gain: 5% of piglets, 3% of pigs produced, reduced feed ratio, piglets: 2%, growing pigs: 1% or so. Digestive energy 5.19MCal/kg.
7.4 For Aquatic Products (Cockroach, Pork, Clam, Rainbow Trout, Squid, Tilapia and Shrimp, Crab, Turtle, etc.)
Improve the quality of feed pellets, reduce the loss of water-soluble vitamins in water, and have the effect of attracting food to improve palatability. Improve the survival rate, especially the survival rate of crustaceans in seedlings and shelling period. Enhance the vitality of the immune system, relieve stress; effectively prevent fatty liver, kidney and intestinal bleeding, anemia and other diseases, magnetic lower body curvature and the incidence of large abdominal cavity, maintain the natural bar. Improve wintering and transportation survival rates.
Good pigment deposition, maintaining natural body color, and increasing body tissue phospholipid content, improving meat flavor The greater the weight gain of carp is 15%, the survival rate is increased by 2%, and the feed coefficient is reduced by 15%. Digestion can be added directly, 3 to 5%.
Medical Cold Patch
Throat Pain Relief Patch
[Name] Medical Cold Patch
[Package Dimension] 36 round pieces
The Pain Relief Patch is composed of three layers, namely, backing lining, middle gel and protective film. It is free from pharmacological, immunological or metabolic ingredients.
[Scope of Application] For cold physiotherapy, closed soft tissue only.
[Indications]
The patches give fast acting pain relief for acute and chronic tonsillitis.
[How To Use a Patch]
Please follow the Schematic Diagram. One piece, one time.
The curing effect of each piece can last for 6-8 hours.
[Attention]
Do not apply the patch on the problematic skin, such as wounds, eczema, dermatitis,or in the eyes. People allergic to herbs and the pregnant are advised not to use the medication. If swelling or irritation occurs, please stop using and if any of these effects persist or worsen.notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Children using the patch must be supervised by adults.
[Storage Conditions] Store below 30c in a dry place away from heat and direct sunlight.
Throat Pain Relief Patch
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