The cultivation techniques of Du Zhongshu

Section 1 Economic Value of Eucommia Eucommia ulmoides 0liv belongs to the Eucommiaceae family, which is only 1 genus and 1 species. It is a unique economic tree species unique to China.

First, the health care function of Eucommia Eucommia is famous for its skin medicine. As early as two thousand years ago, China's first monograph on medicine, "Shen Nong's Materia Medica," recorded the efficacy of Eucommia bark, and called "Du Zhong Wei Xin Ping." Indications "lumbar pain, Buzhong, Yi Jing Qi, strong bones, strong will, in addition to genital itchy wet, urine Yu Le. Jiufu light and stamina." And Eucommia as a top grade Chinese medicine.
In the 16th century, Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist of the Ming Dynasty in China, wrote in the book Compendium of Materia Medica that the origin of the name of the Eucommia tree species is that “there is a way for Du Zhong (person name) to serve this way, and Si Zhong and Si Xian are all righteous. "[1] So Du Zhong comes from a person's name." Although the ancient records of the use of Eucommia to achieve immortality have a mystical color, the medicinal value of Eucommia has been fully affirmed by famous doctors in ancient times.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" and another well-known drug book of our country, "Compendium of Herbal Medicine", elaborated on the pharmacology and efficacy of Eucommia ulmoides: purple purpurea, sweet and pungent, and its nature is mild, sweet and warm can make up, micro- Xin Nengrun, it can enter the liver and kidney. Ganoderma main tendon, kidney main bone, kidney filling is strong bone, liver filling is gluten, can make the bones phase. Treatment of waist and knee pain, fetal embolism.
In modern times, with the rapid development of medical science and the application of various modern detection technologies, Eucommia's health care function has been updated more. After entering the 1950s, a large number of pharmacological and clinical applications in China, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, and other countries have proved that Eucommia is a high-quality natural antihypertensive drug. It is effective in treating hypertension in various stages and can reduce Body cholesterol content, prevention of arteriosclerosis. Prof. Cheng Tieming, professor of the School of Pharmacy of Beijing Medical University, and other domestic medical experts, the latest research results show that in addition to the traditional medical and health care functions, Eucommia ulmoides has significant effects on enhancing memory function, analgesia, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-tumor, and regulation of immune function. In particular, the unique two-way regulation of immune function plays a vital role in maintaining the health of the human body. According to Japanese experts, Eucommia also has a "bidirectional regulatory effect" on blood pressure. NASA medical and health experts believe that Eucommia can promote the synthesis and decomposition of collagen in human bones and muscles, promote metabolism, prevent occupational and senile osteoporosis, and is ideal for aviation health care and geriatric health products. The history of the second section of the use of Eucommia, the earliest application records of Eucommia 〔3〕
Eucommia is an ancient tree species that remains after the Quaternary glacial invasion. Our country is the source of existing Eucommia. In history, the working people of our country had known Eucommia very early and began to use it. According to historical records of ancient medicine, Du Zhong’s understanding of the use of at least 2,000 years of history, it is closely related to the development of Chinese medicine in our country, in the long-term medical practice is constantly enriched, perfected and systematized. According to expert research, Eucommia used about the time of the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Jianwu, level (AD 55-68 years) before and after.
About the earliest records of Eucommia found in the Han Dynasty, one of the textual research is the medical wood slips unearthed in the Han Tombs; the other is the traditional medicinal classic "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing."
In 1972, a large number of medical materials were unearthed at the Hantan Tomb of Yantanpo in Wuwei, Gansu Province. The contents were all related to medical science. The medicine contains more than 30 complete medical prescriptions and nearly 100 kinds of medicines. Among them, there are records of treatment of consumptive and internal injuries caused by "seven injuries" using Eucommia and other kidney medicines: "What is a "seven wound"? The cold, the second haze, and the third haze, the name of the disease are internal injuries. Campanulaceae is very, Achyranthes, Dipsacus, â–  Eucommia â–  each quarter, Cistanche, â– , where all fifteen things, are all together. "This ancient The medical side stated that Eucommia had been used to treat diseases and was compatible with other drugs. Compound prescriptions were used. From the amount of different drugs used in the compound, it can be seen that the medicinal properties of Eucommia ulmoides have been fairly accurately known and grasped at that time.
Another early record of Eucommia was found in The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. The "Shen Nong's Materia Medica Sutra" is the earliest extant masterpiece of pharmacology in China. Medical history scholars generally believe that it is not a one-time person's hand. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, many pharmacologists have constantly collected and processed pharmacological data to the Eastern Han Dynasty. (2nd century AD) was the last book. The book contains a total of 365 kinds of drugs, according to the drug performance, efficacy differences, divided into three kinds of upper and middle products. Most of the top grades are nourishing and strong drugs that can be used for long-term service, non-toxic or with minimal toxicity. Eucommia is one of the top 120 products. "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" not only has a clear record of the medicinal properties and odor of Eucommia, but also gives a detailed description of its indications and functions. These were inherited by later generations of medical literature and proved to be reliable by long-term clinical practice tests and modern studies. This shows that the understanding of Eucommia at that time has reached a very profound and very scientific level.

II. Important records and understandings of Eucommia in past dynasties After the Eastern Han Dynasty, ancient Chinese books have been recorded for Eucommia 〔3〕
(I) Period of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220-589 AD)
During this period, our country's pharmacology continued to advance, and varieties of learning drugs were continuously discovered. The knowledge of drug taste, indications, synonym, place of production, and month of harvesting gradually increased. The emergence of a series of books such as "Doctors for the Specialties" (492-536) and "The Leigong Artillery Paradox" (420-479) reflected the new level of pharmacology theory and knowledge. Tao Hongjing's “Doctors Don’t Record” is based on the “Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing” and adds a lot of new content to various drugs. It has added new insights, new functions and synonym, new origins, and acquisitions to Du Zhong. On the other hand, for the first time, it was clearly stated that Eucommia was used as a skin. At the same time, the identification and processing of Eucommia ulmoides were also elaborated: “This is where the Jianping and Yidu are to be used. It is like Magnolia, and it is better to use as much as white silk. With it, the thin epithelium is cut off, and the cross-cutting rule is cut. "This accurately pointed out the characteristics of Eucommia and established the criteria for distinguishing white silk from fine."
Another drug-processing book, "The Leigong Artillery Paradox", details the processing method of Eucommia. Wen Hao: "Everyone must first cut away rough skin, use crisps and honey, and use one or two rubbish to make it full. When it's dry, it's fine. It's a kilo of pounds, two pounds, three and two honey. Both the fragrant phase and the order are used.” This ancient artillery craftsmanship has made great improvements in modern times, but the method of frying and cutting off the rough skin has been used today.
(III) Period of Song and Yuan Dynasty (960-1368 AD)
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the development of pharmacology in China since the Sui and Tang dynasties entered a new stage. Focusing on investigations and research, the drug records are practical and realistic, and the emphasis on the study of drug theory is an important feature of this period. The understanding of Eucommia has also reached a new level. In the year 1016, the book "The Draft of the Sketch" compiled on the basis of the National General Survey of Drugs summarized the results of investigations and expedited previous generations of literature. The records of drugs were more comprehensive and profound because of the description of medicinal plants. The role played by the past and the future was deeply valued by the post-Expo therapists, the scholasticologists, and the botanists. The book adds a lot of new content to Eucommia, such as:
Du Zhong Song Dynasty origin. "This time, we have Shangzhou, Chengzhou and Xiazhou. There are also mountains near here."
The form of Eucommia. "The high number of woods, the leaves are like Magnolias, and also the kind of crickets. Their hides are thick and simple, and they are connected by white silk."
Du Zhongxin has a different name. "The kapok people in Jiangnan called it."
The medicinal functions and other uses of Eucommia leaves, flowers, solids, and wood. “When the young leaves are tender, they eat, the main wind is poisonous, they have beriberi, and they have a long product. The air is cold and the intestines have blood under the armpits. They should also be dried and made soup. The flowers are really bitter and they are also worthy of medicine. "Referring to "Zhongfangfangfang" and Cui Yuanliang's "Upper Sea" in the "Dongzhong Ancient Medicine Party."
In addition to the book "The Sketch", Zhang Yuanyuan, Li Yu, Wang Haogu and other famous medical experts of Jin and Yuan also put forward many new insights into the medicinal properties and pharmacology of Eucommia. For example, Wang Haogu believed that Eucommia was praised by the famous doctor Li Shizhen.
From the above description, at that time, the understanding of Eucommia by the medical community was quite comprehensive and many breakthroughs were made. Among them, the use of Eucommia leaves, flowers, fruits, solids, and materials, especially the feeding methods and unique effects of young leaves are important new discoveries. Modern scientific research confirms that the Eucommia leaf contains the same active ingredients as the skin, and is a reliable alternative to Duzhong skin. Modern scientific research from the ancients confirmed that the Eucommia leaf contains the same active ingredients as the skin and is a reliable alternative to Duzhong skin. The ancients used the Eucommia leaf more than 900 years ago and named it “Kapok”. This historical heritage is worthy of serious study and reference.
(D) Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368-1911)
The achievements of previous generations of Chinese medicine inherited in the Ming Dynasty reached an unprecedented peak. The masterpiece "Compendium of Materia Medica" (1596) was a great achievement in pharmacology before the 16th century and was hailed as a landmark in the history of pharmacy. More than a thousand years of knowledge and experience about Eucommia have also been comprehensively and systematically summarized in this book. The knowledge about various aspects of Eucommia described in this book is described here:
Release name: List the alias of Eucommia and explain the naming meaning "Every time there was Du Zhong serving this way, because of the name. Si Zhong and Si Xian are all from the same meaning. Their skin is silvery like cotton, such as Yu Mu Mian."
Settlement: Introduction of Eucommia on the place of production, form, harvest, use of various parts and so on.
Repair: Describe various methods of gunning by Eucommia.
Odor: The taste of Eucommia is toxic and toxic.
Indications: List the efficacy and indications of Eucommia.
Invention: Explains the theory of medicinal properties of Eucommia ulmoides and points for its use. Li Shizhen’s personal opinions are mainly used as the essence of this book.
Attachment: Lists the diseases that are treated by Eucommia and shows the formula containing Eucommia under various diseases.
All the above mentioned articles cited a large number of previous generations of literature. Li Shizhen both archaeological examinations today, confession errors, and strictly indicate the source. In the "invention" section, Li Shizhen made profound insights into the medicinal theory of Eucommia with his profound medical qualities and rich clinical experience. He believes: "The ancient side of Eucommia only knows to nourish the kidneys, but the king has a good ancient saying that hepatic gas divides the medicine, moistens the liver and dryness, fills the liver deficiency, and has not made hair since the past." It further elaborated on its pharmacology: "The main lid of the liver, Kidneys are bones, kidneys are filled with bones, livers are filled with muscles, and flexors and extensions are used as ribs, Duchene is purple in colour, sweet and slightly pungent, and its temperature is flat, sweet and warm, and can be used to moisturize, so it can Into the liver and make up the kidneys, the son can make the mother real also." For the ancient side often used the characteristics of Eucommia and wine, Li Shizhen pointed out: "Eucommia can cure waist and knee pain, to drink, it is easy to effect."
At this point, our understanding of Du Zhong by traditional Chinese medical science was summarized and elaborated by Li Shizhen. It is more systematic and complete, and it has gained the peak of empirical science. After the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there was no major breakthrough. Until the modern science developed the new curative effects of gum and Eucommia bark and leaf buck and health care, the development and utilization of Eucommia ulmoides entered another new world.

Third, the scope of use of Eucommia in all ages [3]
The history of the use of Eucommia, useful medicine, health care and consumption of three aspects.
(a) Drug use is the main use of Eucommia. The earliest seen in the Chinese medicine Jane, after the successive generations, until today. The pharmacological properties and attending functions of Eucommia medicine have already been discussed. In addition, many practical experience in medicine is preserved in the ancient books. Under the "Compendium of Materia Medica" Eucommia "attached square" article, there are 8 kinds of ancient books attached, and 10 prescriptions for treating various diseases with Eucommia are recorded. Among them, there are 4 cases of kidney deficiency and low back pain, 2 wind-chilled kidneys, 2 low back pains, 1 sweating after the illness and 1 juice in the head. Frequently aborted the fetus or 2 of the 3 or 4 months of pregnancy, postpartum diseases and fetuses. Uneasy 1 The composition of prescriptions is mostly composed of Eucommia-based drugs, and a small number of Eucommia ulmoides are single-use only. Formulations are soup, pills, wine, and powder.
Eucommia has the miraculous effect of liver-invigorating and kidney-busting. Li Shizhen once cited a case in “Speaking of Deafness”: “After a neo-adolescent boy, he gets a soft foot disease and is very painful. Healing athlete's foot is not effective. Road bell, Sun Lin ( Person name) to diagnose, with Eucommia blindly, broken pieces broken apart, each with one or two half a glass of wine and a large bowl, decoction. Three days to go, and three days to recover, Lin: "This is kidney, not athlete's foot . "A record of the "Youzhi Jiwen" is also recorded. "In RaoCheng, there is a genus of goodness and low back pain in the kidney, and Mr. Sha Sui is ignoring his uncle's pass, and is soaked with Eucommia wine. Transfer down. According to the rule system, the three service and more. ”
It can be seen that Eucommia is indeed a unique and powerful traditional medicine for nourishing liver and kidney.
(B) health care function of Eucommia as early as "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" has recorded, "Long serving light and stamina, a thinking fairy" is a true portrayal of it. Eucommia is used as an ancient health tonic.
Song "The sketch of the scriptures" recorded Du Zhong "wood for 屐 亦 亦 亦, but also the main benefits of the foot." 屐 who, clogs also. In other words, wearing clogs made of eucommia wood is good for legs and feet.
(3) Eating Li Shizhen's “Compendium of Materia Medica” quoted the “draft of the sketch” and “feeding leaves from young leaves”. He believed that the young leaves of Eucommia ulmoides had the dual effects of “making vegetables” and treating diseases.

Section 3 Resource Distribution and Introduction Areas I. Resource Distribution According to reports in the literature [4, 5], China's existing Eucommia resources were widely distributed in Eurasia before the late Tertiary. In the Americas, there are also Eucommia growth in Alaska. Eucommia ulmoides in Hokkaido, Japan, flourished during the Pliocene. During the Miocene, the species of Eucommia in Europe and Western Asia were numerous and widely distributed. They survived until the Pliocene. There was also growth of Eucommia in Italy until the Pleistocene. As the Quaternary ice age approached, Eucommia disappeared in Europe and other regions and survived only in the middle of Asia and China. The existing Eucommia in China is a relict plant that has remained in the geological history. The country has listed Eucommia ulmoides as a national grade II protected plant as a rare tree species.
China is the only place where the existing Eucommia resources are preserved. Historical reports on the origin of Eucommia. According to Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica," quoted by Tao Hongjing of the 6th century AD, "Doctors Don't Record" describes: "The Eucommia grows in the valley and on the party Hanzhong â– ." Hong Jing Note: "Shangyu is in Yuzhou. , This is a building that should be built Pingyi are, like Magnolia, white silk is better. "According to research, the Yuzhou, that is, Pinglu County, Shanxi Province, there is a branch between the South and North, North In present-day southeast of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, Yuzhou (now Henan Province) is under jurisdiction. The area should be around Funiu Mountain and Xiong'er Mountain. Shangdang, now Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, is located in the area south of the Heshun River and the south of the Heshun and Lishes in Shanxi. Hanzhong, now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Jianping, this Wushan County, Sichuan Province. Yidu, now Yidu County, Hebei Province. [3,5] In this period, the Taihang Mountain area in the southeast of Shanxi, the Funiu Mountain in the west of Henan, and the Xiong'er Mountain in the west, Hanzhong in south Shaanxi, southwest Hubei, and northeastern Sichuan are the main producing areas of Eucommia.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" also quoted in the 11th century Su Song, "Tutorial Classics," described in the Du Zhong, "this day out of Shangzhou, Chengzhou, Xiazhou near the big mountain in the city. ■" Shangzhou, now Shangzhou City, Shaanxi Province, jurisdiction Equivalent to the south of the Qinling Mountains, east of the Xunhe River, and north of Hubei. Chengzhou, now known as Huaiyang in Henan Province, has jurisdiction over the counties of Taikang, Xihua, Xiangcheng and Yucheng in Henan Province. Xiazhou, now Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, has jurisdiction over the Pinglu, Lucheng, and Yuncheng in Shanxi Province, Lushi and Lingbao in the north of Xionger Mountain in Henan Province [4]. From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the records of the literature: the origin of Eucommia mainly in Guizhou, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Western Hubei and other places, and Guangxi, Zhejiang and other provinces are also distributed. It can be seen from the earlier records of our country that the distribution area of ​​Eucommia in China is quite broad. It is of great significance to clarify the natural distribution of Eucommia, understand its natural environment, expand the scope of planting, prevent the blind introduction and development, and scientifically develop the resources of Eucommia. However, with the continuous development of history, there are frequent human activities. Although the production of Eucommia continues to expand, it also causes rapid destruction of resources. As described by Chen Rong in 1935, Du Chung said: “Because there is more use of skin and skin, it has not been seen except cultivation.” Therefore, it is very difficult to find out the distribution scope of Eucommia.
According to Professor Zhou Zhengxian's research, [5] the natural distribution area of ​​Eucommia in China is generally in the Qinling, south of the Yellow River, north of Wuling, west of the Yellow Sea, and east of the Yungui Plateau. The period is basically the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. From the perspective of the provinces and regions in the distribution, from Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, to the south, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, East Zhejiang, West Sichuan, Yunnan, China, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan, Guizhou and other 15 provinces (District)[2]. These provinces and districts are basically localized and mostly concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas. The main distribution areas of each province and district are as follows:
Gansu Province: It is mainly distributed in Xiaoting Mountain and its south of Huating, Wenxian, Weixian, Chengxian, Wudu, Kangxian, Tianshui and Liangdang.
Shaanxi Province: Mainly located in the south of the Qinling Mountains, north of Daba Mountain, Hanzhong, Ankang, and Ningqiang, Lueyang, Nanzheng, Liuuba, Foping, Xixiang, Zhenba, Hanyin, Ziyang, and Zhenjiang. , Pingli, Zhenping, Zhenan, Shangnan, Danfeng and other counties.
Henan Province: Eucommia concentrated in Lu County, Lingbao, Luanchuan, Lingyang, Nanzhao, Zhenping, Neixiang, Xixia, Xiong'ershan, Tongbai, Tongshan, Tongshan, and Queshan. Dabie Mountain New County, Xinyang, shopping malls and other places.
Hubei Province: Hubei Western Hefeng, Xianfeng, Xuanen, Enshi, Jianshi, Badong, Zigui, Xingshan and Qianxi County in Hubei Province are the main distribution areas of Eucommia in Hubei Province.
Hunan Province: Eucommia is distributed in Shimen, Cili, Zhangjiajie, Sangzhi, Yongshun and Longshan counties in the northwestern part of Hunan Province.
Sichuan Province: Mount Dashan south of Daba Mountain, east of Sichuan and Sichuan in the west of the size of Xiangling are the main distribution areas of the province.
Guizhou Province: Eucommia is mainly concentrated in the Laoshan Mountains and Miaoling Mountains. The key production areas include Zunyi, Jiangkou, Xishui, Zhengan, Shiqian, Daixi, Dafang, Zhijin, Jintan, Tonglu, and Weng'an. Huangping, Kaiyang, Guanling and Zhenning counties.
Yunnan Province: Fuyuan and Zhaotong, which are mainly distributed in the northeastern Yunnan region of the Wumeng Mountains.
The main distribution areas of other provinces and regions are: Da Miaoshan in Guangxi, Xitianmu in Zhejiang, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Huangshan Mountain in Anhui, and Laoshan in Jiangxi.
The geographical distribution of Eucommia in China is about 25 to 35 in latitude, 104 to 119 in longitude, 10 across north and south, and 15 across east and west. The vertical distribution of Eucommia in natural distribution ranges from 300m to 2500m above sea level. The Eucommia Central Production Area is roughly in southern Shaanxi, northwestern Hunan, eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, northern Anhui, western Yunnan, western Hubei, northwestern Hubei, and southwestern Henan. Judging from the records of the aforementioned early records and the scattered natural and mixed forests in the secondary natural and semi-wild states, these regions are the natural distribution areas of Eucommia ulmoides in China.

Second, introduction area
(I) Introduction to foreign countries [5]
Foreign countries have introduced Eucommia from China for nearly 100 years. Introduced to Europe in 1896. In 1899, Japan began to introduce and cultivate from China. Introduced into Russia in 1906, in 1931 began a large number of cultivation near the Black Sea and North Caucasus, trying to solve the problem of the lack of hard rubber in the country. The former Soviet Union succeeded in introducing Eucommia ulmoides and achieved good results. The 15-year-old tree is 6m high, its DBH is 15m to 30cm, and the per plant nutrient quantity is 10kg to 20kg per year. It also withstands low temperatures of -38°C to -40°C during the winter of 1940. The test.
France was introduced to the botanical gardens of France in 1896, and Britain began introducing them a few years later. Eucommia showed strong resistance and strong growth characteristics in the famous Hill botanic garden in England. Since 1952, the United States has introduced or cloned in Ohio, Utah, Indiana, Illinois, and California. Eucommia is mainly used for street greening and garden viewing in the United States and is considered to be of special value for street viewing. Eucommia in Ohio, 22-year-old tree height 6.9m ~ 9.1m, diameter of 40cm or more, and no pests and diseases.
Japan is one of the earliest countries to introduce Eucommia from China. Its development has been most active in recent years. It has been cultivated in 24 counties including Gunma, Chino, Nagoya, and Shizuoka, and has an area of ​​about 480hm2. The cultivation method is mainly based on the operation of mulberry gardens, leaving 0.3m to 0.5m in length. Each year, pruning and collecting leaves are used to produce various health care products, and some roadside trees are also preserved. In recent years, South Korea and North Korea have also begun to introduce cultivated Eucommia. According to reports, there are large areas of dugong forests in the mountains of South Korea and they are growing well. The introduction of Eucommia in South Korea currently focuses on Eucommia health products[2].
In addition to the aforementioned countries, countries that have successively introduced Eucommia from China include Germany, Hungary, India, and Canada.
(II) Introduction to domestic introduction The introduction of Eucommia on a large scale in China began in 1949. There have been introductions of trial species in parts of Beijing and other 10 provinces and municipalities (autonomous regions). Among them, the western part of the province was Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang. The average tree height was 10m at the end of 1979, and the DBH was 8.2cm. During the period without freezing damage, the plants were able to bear fruit normally and the first generation of seedlings had been propagated. In 1955, the planting and planting in Shenyang, Liaoning Province was successful. In addition, there are also preserved trees in Lushun, Dalian, and Yingkou. From 1993 to 1994, Fusong, Linjiang and Jingyu counties in Baishan City of Jilin Province introduced Eucommia ulmoides from Shennongjia of Hubei Province and Beijing. Except for some new and slightly frozen damage, the rest of the growth and development were normal, and the seedling height reached 1.8m in 2 years. the above. The introduction area of ​​Eucommia ulmoides in Baishan City is at 40.38 north latitude and 12659′ east longitude. The Eucommia ulmoides can successfully overwinter over winter, providing a possibility for the large-scale northward migration of Eucommia. From the perspective of temperate introduction of Eucommia, Gansu, Beijing, Anhui, northern Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, northern Shaanxi, and southern Liaoning all achieved success. The introduction of large areas in Jilin and other places has seen hope, but further tests are still needed. Subtropical regions such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Nanjing all grow well. In the southward shift of Eucommia ulmoides, it was reported that Eucommia ulmoides introduced in Nanping and Sanming of Fujian Province grew well; but after introduction in Guangzhou and Nanning, the growth and development of Eucommia ulmoides was poor, and the pests and diseases were more. This may be related to the low temperature conditions required for the development of Eucommia ulmoides. Not satisfied, the higher temperatures, air humidity and soil acidity are too large.
(C) Introduction outlook From the meteorological data of the introduced regions, if the average temperature in the north is lower than -5°C in January, and the minimum minimum temperature is lower than -33°C, the above-ground part of Eucommia may be frozen to death; The monthly average temperature is higher than 9°C, the extreme minimum temperature is higher than -6°C, and the growth and development of Eucommia are also bad. At present, the introduction area can be moved northwards to the South Temperate Zone. The main criteria for the South Temperate Zone are: ≥10°C annual accumulated temperature 3100°C～4500°C, ≥10°C accumulated temperature days 160～180 days, and the coldest month average temperature -10°C～0°C , the extreme minimum temperature -30 °C ~ -20 °C.
From the above domestic introduction, it can be seen that the introduction area of ​​Eucommia in China is quite broad. From the view of genetic theory, Eucommia is an ancient tree species that remains after the Quaternary ice age and is affected by the ecological conditions in the long-term development of the system. The more complex the ecological history, the stronger the adaptability. Although the current distribution area can not fully reflect its heritable adaptability range, the outlook for introducing Eucommia ulmoides in China is quite broad, and the potential advantages are great.

Section IV: Development Scale and Prospects of Eucommia in China The cultivation of Eucommia in China, based on the development of the main producing areas in the country, is basically divided into five periods: 1. There was no plan for spontaneous cultivation by the masses before the 1950s; 2 From the early 1950s to the early 1980s, a large-scale afforestation stage was established; the forestry and pharmaceutical sectors gave vigorous support to the masses for afforestation, and Duzhong Forest Farm was established in Zunyi, Guizhou, Jiangyan, and Jiangpu, Jiangsu. In the early 1980s, the area preserved by China’s Eucommia ulmoides was approximately 30,000 hm2. From 3.1983 to 1990, the construction of the Eucommia base was completed. The relevant departments and production provinces in China established the production bases of Eucommia ulmoides, and the cultivation area rapidly expanded. The cultivated area reached 100,000 hm2. From 4.1991 to 1995, it was a period of rapid development of China's Eucommia ulmoides. A group of private enterprises rapidly emerged. Various forms of Eucommia production bases accompany each other. For example, the Lingbao City Tiandi Ecological Technology Company of Henan Province established a large area. Eucommia base; 5. After 1996, due to the continued decline in the market of Eucommia medicinal herbs, Eucommia production has experienced an unprecedented stagnation. According to incomplete statistics, the country has now established more than 150 production bases for Eucommia in various forms. By the beginning of 2000, the area under development of Eucommia ulmoides has reached more than 350,000 hm2.
Eucommia ulmoides is our country's traditional export-generating product. With the continuous increase in the value of drug use, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the traditional Chinese medicine. The export potential of Eucommia herbs is very large, and the demand for Eucommia in the country is also increasing. However, due to the blind development of production, the oversupply situation has emerged in the domestic market of Du Zhongpi. According to statistics, at present, China's annual output of eucommia bark is 6000t ~ 8000t, of which the domestic demand is about 3000t, and the annual export volume is 1200t ~ 1800t. Controlling the scale of development of Eucommia and widening the use of Du Zhongli, accelerating the pace of comprehensive utilization of Eucommia, and quickly forming a large industry of Eucommia, is imminent.
The history of the use of Eucommia ulmoides leaves is not long, but the international breakthrough in Eucommia health products and China's unique processing technology of eucommia ulmoides and the development of Eucommia leaf feed will give new hope to the full utilization of Eucommia, especially the development of Eucommia ulmoides and its series products. Afterwards, it will drive the formation of Eucommia's comprehensive development industry and the development of Eucommia production in a healthy and stable manner. At the same time, it will also promote the continuous improvement of Eucommia economic benefits.
The development and comprehensive utilization of China’s Eucommia ulmoides has received international attention. Eucommia has initially formed a unique industry in the world. However, the prominent problem of replanting light pipes in production is generally not paid attention to improving the quality of resources, blindly development, not only a large number of Eucommia leaves are wasted, and the use of Eucommia bark and fruit will appear saturated or even unsalable. Therefore, each producing area should avoid the blindness of Eucommia production, pay attention to the selection of improved varieties, strengthen the intensive management at the same time, increase the quality and output of the existing Eucommia, based on domestic, expand the international market, strive to earn foreign exchange with high quality products, and promote the development of China's eucommia industry. Steady development.
Chapter V Breeding Techniques for Improved Seedlings Seedlings The seedlings are the basis for the high quality and yield of Eucommia. The quality of Eucommia seedlings has a great impact on afforestation quality, plant growth and product quality. Therefore, cultivating seedlings of Eucommia ulmoides is the primary task for developing the production of Eucommia ulmoides. According to the reproduction characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides and the latest domestic research results in recent years, the cultivation techniques for seedlings of Eucommia ulmoides seedlings were introduced from the aspects of sowing seedlings for Eucommia ulmoides seedlings, breeding seedlings for improved seedlings, cutting propagation techniques, buried root propagation techniques, and cultivation of seedlings. .

The first section of Daejeon cultivation mode and management techniques First, the forest cultivation mode of natural growth Eucommia, generally can grow into a tree with a single main trunk. The main purpose of Jolin's business is to obtain thick, high grade bark, leaves and wood. It takes a long time to grow and requires a warm climate with no frost damage. The woodland conditions are good, which is conducive to the vigorous growth of trees, and the general density is smaller and the crown is larger. According to different business purposes, Qiao Lin's main cultivation models include farmland economic type Eucommia protection forest and medicinal Du Zhongfeng production garden.
(1) Farmland economic type eucommia protection forest[2]
At present, high-quality, high-yield, and efficient ecological forestry have become a new trend in the development of forestry in China. Farmland shelterbelts constructed throughout China have played an increasingly important role in ecological balance. To timely adjust the tree species structure of farmland forest network according to local conditions and select tree species with high economic value and good protection effect, it is the basis for realizing high-quality, high-yield and high-efficiency ecological forestry land.
Eucommia has features such as tall trees, hi light, strong adaptability, less pests and diseases, beautiful canopy, well-developed root systems, good water and soil conservation, and simple management techniques. Daejeon planting, scenery conditions are good, site conditions are superior. As mentioned above, Eucommia has many trees, high economic value, good wind and sand fixation. Because it has a small crown, the shade area is small, and the contradiction with crops is small. The proposed model of farmland economic type protection forest of Eucommia ulmoides has caused the attention of many provinces and municipal agriculture and forestry departments, and has gradually begun to promote in large areas after application in Henan, Shandong and other places.
1. Planning and Design Principles of Farmland Economic Eucommia Protection Forest
(1) Forest-scale economical Eucommia shelterbelt is to be planned and designed in accordance with the principle of “consolidated planning of hillsides and channels of the Lintian Road, comprehensive management of wind-blown and drought-damaged alkalis”. The county and township must plan and design in a unified manner to form a certain scale and do Tian Chengfang, Lin Chengwang, Lucheng Line, and Ditch Ditch lined up to form a large-scale economic shelter forest system.
(2) Designing the scale of "narrow forest belts, small grids, evacuation structures, and rectangular sections" is the development trend of farmland shelterbelts. Therefore, Linnet's design should be standardized and standardized. If the grid is too large to achieve a good protective effect, it is not conducive to the economic benefits of Eucommia.
(3) High standard and high efficiency The cultivation measures such as large seedlings, digging large holes, and high fertilizer and water management are adopted to shorten the period of seedling sowing, promote the rapid growth of plants, and advance the protection benefits. Economic protection forests should also improve the economic, social, and ecological benefits of the Eucommia shelterbelt network on the basis of measures tailored to local conditions and on the basis of natural disasters, making it one of the pillar industries of the new economic forest in the plains.
2. Planning and Design of Forest Network
(1) The research on the structure of forest belts proves that the dewatering structure is the best model for farmland shelterbelts. The protection distance of the structure is large, the forest belt reduces the wind speed slowly and evenly, and it is not easy to build snow and sand near the forest edge. In designing the evacuation structure, the optimum degree of evacuation for achieving the maximum protection distance should be taken into account in order to give full play to the benefits. A good evacuation structure has a suitable density, width, and species composition and configuration. The tree species that can be paired with Eucommia are pine, Chinese fir, oriental arborvitae, jujube, camphor, ginkgo, walnut, tea, citrus, ash, willow, mulberry, chestnut, eucalyptus, etc., forming 2 to 6 rows of narrow forest belts (Figure 28). ).
(2) The direction of the forest belt to the forest belt is perpendicular to the direction of the main wind, and the best results are obtained. However, the direction of canals, fields, and roads is more in east-west or north-south direction. When it is actually applied, it should be based on the specific circumstances, so that the Lintian Road and Ditch can be uniformly planned to maintain the integrity of farmland. As long as the forest belt is within 30 degrees of declination, better windproof effect can be obtained. Deviation angle more than 45 can adjust the forest belt direction.

Figure 28 Schematic cross-section of the shelterbelt of the Eucommia forest

1. Eucalyptus 2. Mulberry 3. Willow 4. Eucommia

(3) Distance between forest belts According to the current production practice experience, there are many threatened lands in the north and south forest belts, and there are fewer threatens in the east-west forest belts. It is known as “a line from the east-west forest belt and a large belt from the north and south forest belts”. Therefore, the size of the Du Zhonglin belt is designed to be as long as it is long and short, with a short north and south rectangle. The distance of the forest belt is designed according to the height of Eucommia ulmoides, and the height of adult Eucommia ulmoides is generally about 15m. The main growth period of tree height in the first 10 years, the tree height can reach 8m ~ 12m, high growth slowly after 10 years. Therefore, it is better to calculate the tree height by 10m meters. The effective protection distance of Eucommia is 20 times the height of the tree, ie 200m, and the design is 200m long, and 100m long from north to south. In order to improve the economic benefits of shelterbelts, temporary shelterbelts can be established. The initial planting density of forestland can be in the range of 50m to 100m. After 5 years, the middle “10” shaped forest belts will be gradually thinned. After 10 years, it will become a fixed forest density of 100m200m to adapt to the current development trend of “narrow forest belts and small grids”, and at the same time improve the protective effect of forest forests in the early stage.
(4) Forest belt density The determination of the width of forest belt must ensure that a good evacuation structure is formed, and the principles of stable growth of forest trees, small occupied area, main forest belt width, narrow subforest belts, and wide and narrow forest belts are to be designed. The main forest takes 4 lines of Eucommia and the vice forest belt promotes 2 lines. In order to form a good protective effect, the density can be appropriately increased. According to the characteristics of the cultivated species in different places, dwarf or shrub-type trees can be configured on both sides, and the lower branches can be retained as much as possible.
3. Economic management technology of farmland shelterbelt of Eucommia ulmoides
(1) Selection of improved seedlings The seedlings of Eucommia ulmoides had significant differences in growth, and the strength of wind resistance was also very different. Therefore, Eucommia used as a shelterbelt needs careful selection. Hua Zhong No. 3 Du Zhongliang, with small leaves, trunk upright, wind resistance, salt and alkali resistance, is very suitable for the construction of farmland forest, and Huazhong No. 3 is a good female plant, fruit picking, leaf mining and dual-use, can increase forestry network efficiency. Zhong Zhong No.5 Zhong Zhong is a male plant, which has the advantages of straight trunk, small branching angle, strong bending resistance, and rapid growth. The above two fine varieties can be used as the preferred tree species for establishing shelter forest. When planting, they can be dominated by Huazhong No. 3, with a small amount of Huazhong No. 5 as the pollination variety, and the planting ratio is 9:1; Huazhong No. 3 and Huazhong can also be used. No. 5 is planted in equal quantities, and cross-planting or cross-row planting may be used. The grafted seedlings of Hua Zhong No. 3 and Hua Zhong No. 5 were used. The height of the seedlings was 1.8 m or more, of which more than 2 m accounted for 80%; and the ground diameter was 1.7 cm or more. Temporary forest belts should adopt the rapidly growing Huazhong No. 5 and Zhonglin Daye No. 1 improved varieties.
(2) Management Techniques of Protection Forests After the Eucommia seedlings were planted, the seedlings were heavier in the year, so in the second year of the winter, the germination should be carried out for new and slightly shorter ones in order to promote the growth of the eucommia ulmoides. In the future, each winter will be properly pruned to increase the trunk height. After 10 years, the trunk height will be maintained at 3.0m to 4.0m. The temporary forest belt will be started from the 6th year and gradually reduced. In the 10th year, all the temporary forest belts will be cut to increase the previous period income, or In the 6th year, all the temporary tree belts were cut off from the temporary forest belt, and they were recycled every 5 years after they were used. The provision of temporary forest belts can not only improve the economic benefits of the forest network, but also effectively improve the protective effect of the forest network in the early period. For fixed forest belts, when the diameter of the Eucommia ulmoides reaches 15 cm, it is used for peeling and peeling. After every 2 to 3 years, it is peeled once and the peeling technology is detailed. See Chapter 10.
(II) Medicinal Du Zhongfeng Production Garden The purpose of this cultivation mode is to cultivate tall plants and obtain high-quality eucommia bark, wood, fruits, leaves, etc. as by-products. The final retention density is thinner.可以在丘陵、山区营建专业化杜仲林场，也可以在平原区营建丰产园［46］。
1.药用杜仲园的造林设计药用杜仲园可分为计划密植园和稀植园两种。杜仲计划密植园设计的初植密度较大，采用1m1m、1.5m2m、2m2m、2m3m等密度，达到第1个经营周期时开始间伐，以后逐步有计划地疏伐，固定保留密度3m4m，4m4m，进行长期经营利用。稀植园是一步成形的药用园建园方式，按照最终设计密度造林，栽植密度一般为3m3m、3m4m或4m4m。但稀植园经营周期长，前期收入低，综合效益较差。
2.经营周期与经营技术稀植园的经营周期视杜仲生长量而定。一般8～10年胸径达15cm时即可剥皮利用，采用剥皮再生技术。第1次剥皮后，以后每2～3年主干环剥1次，永续利用。
计划密植园在达到固定密度前，需要制订合理的经营周期，间伐过早，植株小，间伐收入低；间伐过晚，园内高度郁闭，植株生长受影响。根据作者对不同密度杜仲前5年连年生长量观测(图29、图30)，每公顷栽植10000株，4年后园内郁闭，胸径生长骤减，植株为争夺阳光，高生长量较大，有效叶幕层变薄，除梢部外，中下部枝条由于受不到阳光而干枯，叶片枯黄。每公顷栽3330株，5年园内郁闭，胸径生长也有所减弱；每公顷栽植2500株、1667株，胸径的生长量生长迅速，园内尚未达到郁闭。根据不同密度的生长动态变化，经营周期以园内郁闭为参考标志，即每公顷10000株的计划密植园第1次间伐时间为4年；每公顷2500株、1667株的间伐时间约在6～7年，隔行或隔株间伐。间伐时间在秋季9月份或次年4～5月份，宜在树液流动能剥皮时进行。对间伐后代保留植株，应根据树冠发育情况，采取不同措施。如冠形较圆满，可对树冠外围侧枝进行适度轻短截。初植密度较大的密植园，间伐后保留株树冠由于受挤压，树冠往往发育不良。这种情况需对树体动“大手术”，将树冠中下部枯、弱枝全部剪去，其它枝条全部重短截或疏去全部侧枝，将主干留4m～5m剪顶。这样，利用杜仲萌芽力强的特点，当年新稍生长量可达1.5m以上，树冠当年就可恢复，并且发育良好。对保留植株采用剥皮技术多次利用。

图29 不同栽植密度树高生长曲线

1.每公顷10000株2.每公顷3333株

3.每公顷2500株4.每公顷1667株图30 不同栽植密度胸径生长曲线

1.每公顷10000株2.每公顷3333株

3.每公顷2500株4.每公顷1667株

二、矮林栽培模式利用杜仲萌芽抽枝能力强的特点，高密度栽植，培养成单干型或多干丛生型，树高3m～6m。矮林栽培模式是以提高前期效益为目的，树叶、树皮、工艺用材兼用。由于植株密度大，前期产叶量大，经营周期短，综合效益好，这种栽培模式主要在浅山丘陵区及平原区应用。根据各地地形及经营条件，矮林栽培主要的经营模式有：田埂地边丛状杜仲园经营模式、宽窄行带状密植栽培模式［51］。
(一)田埂地边丛状杜仲园经营模式这种模式适宜各产区尤其是北方产区应用。以浅山丘陵区梯田埂载植为主，平原区田边地头也可发展。一般在田埂地边单行栽植，株距1.5m～3m。栽后1年，秋季落叶后全部平茬。春季平茬的植株萌条后，留生长旺盛的2～3个萌条，其余抹去。3年后植株主干达把柄粗时，可砍伐剥皮，并获取把柄材。第1此砍伐后，伐桩每株能萌发数10个萌条，可选留5～6个，以利形成丛生状。以后每2～3年可砍伐剥皮1次，每年还可采收杜仲叶。田埂地边光照条件、土壤条件都较好，林木生长旺盛。由于丛状矮林生长周期短、冠小、遮荫面不大，对农作物影响小，还可起到防护林的作用，前期收益较好，林木也容易看护。
(二)宽、窄行带状密植栽培模式本经营方式于1989年首先由杜红岩提出实施，采用宽、窄行三角定植(图31)，每公顷栽植57图31 宽窄行带状栽植示意图00～10000株，栽植1年后于早春萌动前进行平茬。根据经营目的，平茬后每株可留1～3个，平茬当年萌芽高度一般可达2.5m～3.5m以上，最高达4m，每公顷产叶量2.3t～3.0t。平茬第2年每公顷产叶量3.6t～4.8t。第3年林内基本郁闭，萌条长至把柄材，可进行第1次砍伐剥皮，每公顷产叶量4.8t～6.0t，产皮3.6t，把柄材13000～20000根。第1此砍伐后，每株留萌条2～4个，以后每2～3年砍伐1次。据调查，伐桩可保持百年萌芽力不衰。
宽窄行带状经营模式在总结以往作业方式的基础上，加以科学改进，能充分发挥边际效应，单株间分布均匀，株间分化小，即保持了较高的栽植密度，又保证宽行可根据经营目的，任意变动，灵活性高，适宜平原区和丘陵区杜仲皮、叶、材兼用的集约栽培模式。

三、头木林栽培模式头木林栽培可提高单株早期经济效益，缩短单株经营周期，皮、叶、材兼用，是介于药用和矮林栽培之间的一种栽培模式。利用单株萌芽力强的特性，在主干一定高度截干，选留4～6个粗壮萌条，当留干萌条达到工艺用材时，砍伐剥皮，获取树皮和工具把柄，每年还可采叶利用，一般树高4m～5m。
头木林栽培可在坡度较小的丘陵山地和平原区应用，栽植密度2m3m～3m4m，定植2～3年后当胸径达3c左右时，于休眠期从地上1.5m处截干，春季截口以下会萌发10～20个以上萌条，当萌条长至10cm时，选择分布均匀、靠截口2cm～5cm范围内的粗壮萌条4～6个，定向培育枝，其余的萌条剪除(图32)。萌条要尽量培养成直立状。当力枝基径达5cm～6cm时，全部图32 杜仲头木林经营示意图砍伐剥皮，砍伐时间在春季树液流动离皮时进行。砍伐后的萌条仍按上述方法培养力枝，以后每年可达到一个砍伐周期。当主干粗达15cm以上时还可剥皮利用。需注意，剥皮后第1年不要砍伐力枝，否则对以后树势影响较大，萌芽生长不旺。
头木林栽培模式也利于保护资源、长短结合、永续作业、收益较高，各地可根据情况酌情采用。

四、叶用杜仲园栽培模式
(一)茶园式叶用杜仲园这种栽培模式借鉴了茶园栽培方式，以生产、利用杜仲叶为主。按植株修剪形状又分为球形栽培和篱带状栽培。球形栽培，行距2.0m，穴距2.0m。每穴栽植5～7株成丛状，留主干0.5m～0.7m，萌条后逐步修剪成球形(图33)。篱带状栽培，带宽1.0m，带距2.0m，带内双行栽植，三角定植，株距0.5m，栽植后留主干0.8m～1.0m。在生长期内，采叶时间不受季节限制，可根据需要连续采摘嫩叶或嫩芽，生产杜仲茶及杜仲液体饮料等保健品。落叶还可以提取杜仲胶，生产杜仲饲料添加剂或中成药。
为了保证球形或篱带状杜仲园的旺盛生长，提高产叶量，每年应在春节前重剪1次。该栽培模式具有生产周期短，原料供应方便、及时，便于采集等特点。并能较好地保存原料有效成分的自然风味。杜仲茶园应高度集约经营，并和加工厂配套，才能取得更好的效益。一般，栽植当年即可采叶利用，栽植第2年每公顷可产绿叶4.5t，第2年后每公顷产绿叶6.9t～10t。

1.球形栽培2.篱带状栽培

(二)高密度叶用杜仲园随着杜仲叶用范围的不断扩大，尤其是杜仲胶开发规模的迅速扩大，为杜仲栽培提出了新的课题。因此，改进杜仲栽培模式，提高杜仲产叶量和产胶量，具有积极、现实的意义。
高密度叶用杜仲园可采用宽行1m，窄行0.5m，株距0.3m的栽植密度，每公顷栽植20000～66700株，采用华仲2号、华仲3号、华仲4号、中林大叶1号良种雌株或高含胶无性系造林。栽植第2年从地上15cm～20cm处截干，每株留萌条2～3个，以后每年秋末落叶前采叶，在采叶的同时，将萌条剪去，截干部位和第2年相当。高密度栽培模式经营的周期短，栽植第2年每公顷产叶量可达5.3t～6.4t，以后每年稳定产叶量可达每公顷6.8t～9.0t。但要求集约化水平较高，对立地条件也有较强的选择性，适宜在土质疏松、肥沃，有灌溉条件的平原区或平地应用，最好与杜仲胶的开发相配套，离胶厂距离较近，可降低原料运输成本，综合利用后取得较好效益。

第二节庭院杜仲栽培模式随着农村经济体制改革的不断深入，庭院经济的发展日益受到有关部门和广大农民的重视。庭院经济已成为农村经济的重要组成部分。庭院杜仲是农户利用房前屋后的空坪隙地及小面积荒地，进行杜仲经营的一种方式。它面积小，经营强度大，可立体经营，周期短，见效快，各产区均可进行。尤其是近年来杜仲的综合利用受到国内外有关部门的高度重视，杜仲的经济价值倍增，同时盗剥杜仲皮现象日益严重，杜仲资源在某些地区遭到毁灭性破坏，而庭院杜仲有保护容易，经营管理方便等优点。因此，在目前形势下，大力发展庭院杜仲经营有着重要意义。另外，庭院光照充足，立地条件好，有利于树体生长和开花结果，解决药源和种源的不足。杜仲经济价值高，树形优美，集经济观赏于一身，进行庭院杜仲经营是美化农村庭院，增加收入的有效途径。杜仲还是城市机关单位绿化美化环境的良好树种。根据作者的研究和部分地区进行庭院杜仲栽培的经验，介绍几种庭院杜仲的栽培模式，供各地选择参考［52］。

一、庭院式杜仲果园(种子园)经营庭院式杜仲果园(种子园)经营是一种以产果为主，果、皮、叶兼用的经营方式。在国际国内杜仲种子质量良莠不齐的情况下，建立庭院式种子园可避免人为因素造成的早采抢采种子现象，保证种子成熟度和发芽率。
建立庭院式杜仲种子园，首先应采用优良品种嫁接苗栽植。杜仲为雌雄异株，栽植时可按雌雄株9∶1的比例栽植。根据庭院的布局、大小，可栽植成行状，株行距2m3m，也可栽植成散生状，株距2m～4m不等，结合庭院设计，随意性比较大。雄株宜栽植在西北和东北方向，杜仲行内或株间不宜栽植其它乔木类树种，保证植株有足够光照。丘陵山区农户庭院前后有较大面积空旷地，也可采用同样方式栽植。栽植时选择苗高1.8m以上的良种嫁接苗，栽植穴80cm见方，每穴施20kg农家肥。栽后第1年应经常浇水，保证苗木成活，并采取人工绑缚等保护措施，防止牲畜破坏苗干。根据苗木生长情况，栽植1年后可留主干，留干高度1.8m～2.0m。以后可按照大田杜仲的管理方法，每年7～8月份适当增施磷肥、钾肥。杜仲在长江以北地区很少有病虫害，不需要打药，省工省时，一般按庭院200m2计算，除去建筑用地，可栽植杜仲20～30株，每年用工3～5个。栽植后3～4年开始结果，第5年开始每户平均杜仲收入可达5000元以上，投入产出比1∶100，在河南、湖北、湖南、安徽等地部分产区，庭院杜仲已成为农民的“摇钱树”。

二、灌丛状庭院杜仲经营本经营方式在吸收河南省洛阳、南阳等地农民进行传统的庭院杜仲经营经验的基础上，经科学改进，以获取工具把柄为主，兼收杜仲皮、叶。主要以丘陵、山区农宅为主，在庭院内及其四周空旷地成墩状栽植，栽植穴1m见方，采用优良家系苗，每穴五星状栽植5株，穴距2m～3m，也可采用行状、散生状栽植，灵活性较大。栽植后第2年均进行平茬，平茬后当年，植株高度可达3m～4m，第4年可砍伐。根据把柄粗度要求进行择伐，每株把柄1～2根，砍伐后当年伐桩可萌10个左右萌条。每株选留2个强壮萌条，其余的抹去，第1次砍伐后的萌条，3年可达用材标准。杜仲萌芽力极强，伐桩可保持百年萌芽力不衰。一般庭院可栽植20墩(约100株)，一次可获取把柄80～120根、杜仲皮40kg，每年还可以产叶50kg，年收入2000元左右。杜仲木材作把柄具有手感绵软、不磨泡，夏季用不烫手，耐用等特点，很受用户欢迎。开发杜仲工具把柄材前景广阔。

三、篱带状和球形庭院杜仲经营本经营方式是以采叶为主的庭院杜仲经营模式，结合小康村建设，庭院绿化美化，栽植成杜仲绿篱和杜仲球。在东北寒冷地区也可作行道绿化。
篱带状经营可根据庭院设计，栽植成双行，三角定植，株距0.5m，栽植后主干留0.6m～0.8m。球形经营，栽植成1穴多株，每穴栽植5～7株，成丛状，留主干0.5m～0.7m，逐步修剪成球形。这两种经营方式是根据杜仲萌芽力强的特性，生长季节内多次采取杜仲叶片。一般是春季一次梢5月中旬长势减弱，这时将新稍留5cm～10cm，可剪梢采叶。10月下旬落叶前可采第3次叶。以后每年冬季重剪1次，留当年新稍10cm左右。采叶为主的经营方式，主要为生产杜仲茶、杜仲保健品和杜仲饲料添加剂等及时提供原料。若与加工厂配套成一体，将会发挥更大的综合效益。另外，工矿、企事业单位也可培植杜仲绿篱、杜仲球，在绿化美化环境的同时，还可作为单位福利性收入的来源。

四、庭院杜仲的复合栽培模式以上介绍的几种庭院杜仲经营模式，在实际应用中，往往是几种模式相结合，形成一种立体的多种形式的复合经营模式，如庭院杜仲种子园与杜仲篱带、球形经营的配套、灌丛状庭院杜仲可与篱带状杜仲经营相补充，充分利用土地合空间，发挥多种综合效益。
庭院杜仲经营从某种意义上讲是传统经营方式，从集约经营角度讲，又是一个新的开发领域。采用什么样的经营模式，什么样的组织形式，受各地的地理位置、气候条件、交通、经营习惯、综合利用状况等因素制约，庭院杜仲的经营与家庭养殖、家庭手工业等庭院经济，还可相互补充，形成一个小的生态系统。

第三节立体经营模式杜仲是一个经济价值比较高的树种，但目前全国杜仲栽培方式还比较单一，经营周期相对较长、幼林期土地利用率低。立体农业是现代农业发展的总趋势，它是一个综合的农业生态系统，可以针对不同植物品种的特点，通过合理组装，充分利用光能、空间，大幅度提高复种指数，增加经济收入，维护生态平衡。以杜仲为主建立不同的立体经营模式，达到以短养长、以间代抚、以农养林、以林护农、互相促进，对提高集约化经营水平和总体综合效益，推动平原农区和丘陵山区经济发展具有重要意义。本节介绍杜仲园的几种立体种植经营模式［2］，供各地选用参考。

一、杜仲、小麦、西瓜、大白菜立体种植
(一)园地的合理配置杜仲树根据本章第一节介绍的栽培模式，主要以稀植园内经营为主，行距3m～4m，株距2m～3m。套种时杜仲行留1m宽营养带。
小麦在杜仲树的行间种9行小麦，行距20cm，占地宽度160cm，每公顷基本苗达到225万株。
西瓜种在杜仲营养带合小麦边行之间，两边各种一行，瓜梗宽70cm，西瓜株距50cm，每公顷9000～12000株。
大白菜麦、瓜收获后，整地种植大白菜。白菜行距60cm，株距50cm，每公顷定植24000株。
图34 杜仲、小麦、西瓜、大白菜

立体种植示意图(二)品种选择杜仲选择速生、分枝角度小或叶片小、稀疏的品种，如华仲3号、华仲5号；小麦选用矮杆、抗倒伏、抗病、早熟、丰产性好的品种；西瓜品种可根据当地的土壤气候条件等选用，如郑杂5号、金钟冠龙、京欣系列品种等；大白菜选用抗病、适应性强的耐贮运品种。
(三)播种、收获时间杜仲于10月中、下旬采叶；小麦每年10月中、下旬播种，羿年6月初收割；西瓜于2月底至3月初用营养钵火炕育苗，3月下旬移栽，在瓜埂上加盖地膜与天膜，6月下旬至7月上旬收摘结束。大白菜7月中、下旬整地，8月中旬播种，11月中、下旬收获。
(四)管理技术要点杜仲按杜仲园常规管理技术实施。
小麦保证播种质量，每公顷基本苗达到225万株；播前施农家肥75t，饼肥、碳酸氢铵和过磷酸钙各0.75t；播种后常规管理。
西瓜及时移栽，覆盖双膜，麦收后及时灭茬。移栽前施足底肥，每公顷施农家肥75t，饼肥1.5t～2.25t，瓜座稳后，每公顷施复合肥0.15t～0.23t。膨大期注意浇水。蚜虫等虫害发生时可喷施辛硫磷800～1000倍液，炭疽病可用500～800倍复方多菌灵防治。
大白菜高垄直播，播后及时灌水保苗。9月上旬定苗，每公顷留苗24000株。定苗后追施尿素0.23t，并浇水1次。9月底再追肥1次，每公顷追尿素0.3t，促进包心，包心期不能缺水。
(五)套种效益以套种面积计，小麦每公顷4.5t，按目前市场价，产值7500元；西瓜每公顷37.5t，产值30000元；大白菜每公顷60t，产值12000元。以上三项套种每公顷总产值49500元，扣除投资16500元，每公顷套种纯收入为33000元。
(六)注意问题杜仲园行间郁闭后，不宜套种间作，一般间作时间为2～4年。

二、杜仲、草本药材立体经营模式
(一)规划与结构杜仲初植密度1m2m，每公顷栽植5000株；3～4年后杜仲长成把柄材隔株间伐剥皮，密度变成2m2m；定植7～8年后，杜仲胸径达12cm以上，再隔行间伐剥皮，最终保留密度为2m4m，每公顷1250株。在杜仲林内套种血参、板兰根、白术、半夏等草本药材，1～2年即可见效益，形成长短结合，杜仲和草本药材的立体种植结构。
(二)技术要点选择分枝角度小、干形通直、生长迅速的中林大果、华仲3号、华仲5号杜仲优良无性系苗木造林。丘陵山区要改造成水平梯田，蓄水保墒。血参用粗壮种根栽植，根段长10cm左右，株行距30cm40cm；板兰根采用播种的方法，条播行距20cm～25cm，每公顷播种量30kg～45kg；白术选择顶端芽头饱满，根群发达，表皮

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