A small, timely shock to the chest (eg, a shock with a defibrillator) can save the lives of patients with cardiac arrest (SCA). Electric shock (3kV to 5kV, 50A) prevents the heart from producing unwanted flutter (fibrillation) that does not deliver blood to the brain and other organs. This electric shock allows the heart to pump blood back and forth in an orderly manner. In hospitals, cardiac monitoring is usually performed with an electrocardiogram (ECG) instrument with a separate defibrillator. When a defibrillator is used to rescue an electric shock, an ECG probe (eg, an electrode) is attached to the patient. Needless to say, the ECG must withstand such an electric shock and continue to work normally.
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), nearly 383,000 cardiac arrests outside the hospital occur each year, with 88% of cardiac arrests occurring at home. Unfortunately, less than 8% of patients with cardiac arrest outside the hospital survived. These statistics are thought-provoking. In medical terms, heart failure is very different from SCA. SCA has no signs of warning, and people fall down like this. There are usually multiple, more obvious signs of heart failure before it occurs.
If there is no protective skin, very little current can damage the patient's heart. In patients who are sensitive to electricity, even a small amount of current (10 μA) can cause ventricular fibrillation. Be aware that when using ECGs and independent defibrillators, it is not uncommon to have multiple devices connected to the patient at the same time. Obviously, the total leakage current must be kept below the threshold that can endanger the human heart.
Defibrillator and life-saving electric shock
Many people think that the defibrillator is to restart the heart, but actually stop the heart from working. There is a random beat in the heart called fibrillation, which means that the heart works uncoordinated and does not pump blood. The defibrillator shocks the heart to an inactive state, allowing normal sinus rhythm to resume.
Figure 1 shows a hospital defibrillator, trained medical personnel to perform millisecond-level electric shocks to save lives. In order to penetrate the chest and hit the heart, a voltage of 3kV to 5kV and a current of 50A are necessary. The reason for the high voltage and current is that about 75% of the body's composition is saline, and the body conducts most of the current, bypassing the heart.
Figure 1: Hospital defibrillator with electrodes. Note that there is an external electrocardiogram or heart monitor on the patient, as can be seen from the white disc (electrode) and lead (line) of the chest.
The second type of defibrillator (Figure 2) is an automated external defibrillator (AED) designed for less public use. These disposable pads have two purposes: one is to monitor the heart with an electrocardiogram; the other is to apply a high voltage shock.
Figure 2: Chest compression CPR (left) forces blood circulation, supplying blood to the brain and other vital organs until the AED restarts the heart (right).
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