Animal breeding has a long history in China. As early as the 1980s, the fur industry in China has already started to earn foreign exchange through exports. At present, China has become a world-recognized leader in fur production. With the improvement of living standards, people are concerned about the quality of fur. The requirements are getting higher and higher, but the skin length, weight, quality of the skin and the density, thickness, length of the fur, and the gloss and color of the coat obtained by the fur culture in China are very different from the world's high quality hides. . The factors affecting fur quality are related to fur animal species, geographic location, feeding and management, and fur nutrition. Only with reasonable choices in all aspects, fur animals can obtain the fastest growth rate and achieve the best physique that meets people's needs. Quality can also satisfy people's needs to the greatest extent. Therefore, improving fur quality is a major issue for fur farming in China.
1. Breeding quality The artificially fed fur beasts come from wild domestication. However, after artificial breeding, the quality of the beasts has obviously surpassed the wild quality. The quality of the skin of the skin-raising beast depends on the quality of the beast first, and has a direct correlation with the quality of the fur, which is determined by its inherent genetic basis. The quality of animal species directly related to fur quality is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1.1 coat color: It is required to have the typical coat color and luster inherent in this variety or type, and the new color type artificially cultivated is novel and beautiful.
Mink: The black-brown mink should be selected for breeding in the direction of deep and bright uniform body color; the coloured mink should be selected in the direction of pure, uniform colour of the coat. Silver and black fox: black and white colors should be clear, the greater the contrast, the more clear and graceful; the silver wool coverage should be high and uniform, the same body color; the color strength should be appropriate, that is, the width of the silver ring is appropriate and consistent. The silver-blue hybrid fox also requires it. Arctic fox: It is better to breed in the direction of blue hair. Yellow, brown tone has been more and more chilled by the market.貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉.
1.2 Hair quality: The texture of wool, ie hair quilt, is determined synthetically by the length, density and fineness of needles and velvet. Artificially cultured fur, regardless of large hairs and small hairs, is required to be bred and villus is selected in the direction of short and flush. The length ratio of needles and villus is appropriate, and the length ratio of dorsoventral hairs tends to be the same (especially for blister requirements); The density of fluff should be selected in the high direction. The hair thickness should be selected in the direction of fine and straight. In order to exert and excavate the effects and potential of breeding beasts on the quality of fur, it is necessary to raise the beasts with good quality of fur, and to improve the quality of furs by introducing improved varieties and improving the quality of the original poor fur.
1.3 Fur extensions: Fur extensions are measured in accordance with the standard values ​​and the size of the implanted skin. The size factor that determines the size of the skinfold is mainly the skin length and the elongation of the skin. The longer the body length and fresh skin elongation, the higher the leather size. Therefore, breeding of species-specific beasts should be selected in the direction of general and loose type and physical fitness. To develop and excavate the quality of animal species to improve fur fur fur
2. Influence of geographical location on fur quality
The precious fur animals, foxes and cubs are all seasonal furry animals. It has a great dependence on the obvious changes in the sunshine cycle. This is the result of the long-term limitation of its wild distribution at high latitudes. Therefore, the higher the latitude, the better the fur quality. Under the conditions of entering and raising livestock, the quality of the fur is better as it goes to the north, and it is better to farm in areas with good feed conditions in suitable geographical areas to produce high-quality fur of consistent quality.
3, local breeding environment for fur
The local feeding environment mainly refers to the microclimate conditions such as sheds, cages, and sites exposed by labor. There are sheds, cages, skins and beasts with no sheds and cages. The fur quality of the cage conditions is excellent. Fur pelts kept in dark environments are of better quality than those in bright surroundings; the wet environment is more dry and moist. Fur quality. Artificial rearing should fully create a local environmental condition conducive to the improvement of fur quality.
4, feeding and management in fur
The impact of feeding and management on fur quality is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: feed and nutrition, skin fur management during winter hair growth, and disease control. The disease is detrimental to the health and growth of the animal. Indirectly affect the quality of fur; some diseases will also directly cause skin, hair damage and reduce the quality of fur. Strengthening disease prevention and control, especially the prevention of metabolic diseases and parasitic diseases, is also an important measure to improve the quality of furs:
4.1 Feed and Nutrition: Some traits of fur quality inherent in fur beast genetics are congenitally determined, but these good traits must be able to perform well through the scientific feed and nutrient supply during the day after tomorrow's growth and development. Play it out.
Only good breeds but lack of scientific breeding can not produce high quality hides. The growth and development of hair quilts mainly depend on animal protein, so feed and nutrition should ensure the protein, especially Piru winter hair, needs for the growth of protein. There are more sulfur amino acids in the hair quilt protein. Supplementing sulphur amino acids in the winter hair growth phase is beneficial to improve fur quality.
4.1.1 The effect of various nutrients on the growth and development of fur animals:
Protein is the material basis of all biological life activities and is an important part of the organism. Insufficient protein supply in fur animals causes a series of problems such as weight loss, a decrease in the number of hairs produced, and a decrease in fur quality. Severe malnutrition can cause a significant decrease in winter hair density. A very low protein concentration may hinder the regeneration of hair follicles, and the regeneration and development of hair follicles directly affect the hair density of winter hairs. The fat content in fur animal diets has always been very high, so the fat composition and stability-related quality issues of fur animal feeds are very important. Lowering protein levels and increasing fat levels can reduce dietary costs, but high fat levels can trigger fatty liver. When high-quality protein is supplied and the fat is provided by soybean oil and rapeseed oil, the incidence of fatty liver is low; when the protein is mainly derived from miscellaneous fish and the fat is derived from animal fat, the incidence of fatty liver is high.
There have been few reports on the effects of carbohydrates and carbohydrates on fur animals. In fact, the lack of grain and carbohydrate feeds for a long time can cause acidosis in the fleas, foxes and raccoons. It is characterized by redness, swelling, hair loss, and frequent urination; the coat of the perineum and both hindlimbs is highly humid, and when severe Cause cystitis, peritonitis, and even death.
Vitamin nutrition is an important aspect of fur animal nutrition. The lack or excess of vitamins in diets can affect the performance of animals and cause losses to culture. There are 12 species that need to be considered frequently in fur animal vitamin nutrition, 4 of which are fat-soluble and 8 are water-soluble. Biotin (VH) is an important water-soluble sulfur-containing vitamin that is widely involved in the body's metabolism. The lack of biotin may cause disorders in the body's metabolic functions, resulting in decreased performance of fur animals and reduced resistance to disease, as well as a decline in the quality of fur and the occurrence of self-bite in fur animals. VE is very important in the diet of fur animals because of its relationship with polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets.
The content and utilization of minerals in the diet, especially Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe, affect the quality and color of the fur. Cadmium, mercury, and selenium are also important. When the ratio of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the diet is out of balance, fur animals often suffer from rickets, self-bite, food-bleeding, unpleasant food and plush color, poor fur quality, and delayed hair replacement. Bone meal is rich in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and its proper proportion is a good feed for fur animals. Copper can promote the keratinization of hair fibers and the deposition of hair pigments, and indirectly make up for the deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids (necessary for fur growth), thereby promoting its growth.
4.2 Management of fur animals during the winter wool period: mainly to create environmental conditions conducive to the growth of winter hair, enhance short-day stimulation, reduce plush fouling, and in case of poor hair replacement or plush tangles, early living should be performed. Sulfur hair treatment. 5. Disease prevention and treatment: The disease is detrimental to the health and growth of the animal. Indirect effects
Bald raccoon is an infectious skin disease caused by dermatophytes. It is characterized by a round bald spot on the skin, covered with a shell, ecdysis, and sparsely coatable coat. Source of infection is sick beast. It is easy to induce this disease by direct or indirect contamination of fox equipment (brooms, scrapers), bedding, work clothes, animal cages, and small chambers, and poor feeding and management, as well as scratches, bruises, and scratches on the skin. Ascariasis This disease is a parasitic, invasive disease of fur animals and is characterized by aggression against the skin with a high degree of itching, hair loss, and crusting on the skin. The pathogen is fleas. It falls on the skin to infect. Fleas and lice Fleas are blood-sucking insects that, when parasitized on animals, affect animal health.
6, the processing quality of fur fur primary processing and deep processing also have a great influence on its quality. In the primary processing, the following issues should be especially noticed: Signature of mature furs and timely skinning should be carried out for the plush maturation of individual skin animals, one for mature ones and one for mature ones. In particular, skin beasts with melatonin implants should pay attention. Premature skin removal can make the skin level lower, and taking it too late will affect the flexibility and luster of the plush.
6.1 Opening: To open up. Otherwise it will affect the specifications of the skin type and also reduce the size of the skin.
6.2 scraping oil: scraping oil should be net, especially the neck to scrape, otherwise affect the elongation of the skin or drying after the collapse of the neck defects.
6.3 Shangyu: The Shangyu shall use the standard fascia and the up-to-standard commodity skin type.
6.4 Temperature and Humidity: The suitable temperature and humidity for drying are suitable. It is best to use blow drying. When drying with other heat sources, the temperature and humidity should not be too high. Otherwise, stuffy boards and hair loss will seriously reduce the quality of the skin.
6.5 Proper finishing and packaging: The dry skin is timely planted, washed, cleaned and packaged. Washing not only removes dust and dirt on the pile, but also significantly increases the appearance. Do not fold and dispose when packing, keep the skin stretched, do not use soft bags. In summary, animal medicine has many factors that affect the quality of fur. Artificial breeding must adopt comprehensive technical measures such as selecting seeds and breeding, strengthening feeding and management, creating suitable environmental conditions, and improving processing quality.
7, summary
In summary, there are many factors affecting the quality of fur, artificial breeding must be selected by the breeding, breeding, strengthening the feeding and management, reasonable diet mix, create appropriate environmental conditions and improve processing quality and other comprehensive technical measures to improve efforts Fur quality. All along, the same species of hides, foxes, and domestic hides are always lower in price than imported hides. On the surface, it is caused by the poor quality of the domestic skin and the small size. In fact, the root cause of the skin is the low feed nutrient level provided by the production and the species selection. Therefore, aquaculture production should use high-nutrition levels of feed and formulate a reasonable ratio of rations, select the fine varieties, and carry out reasonable rearing only in this way can guarantee.
1. Breeding quality The artificially fed fur beasts come from wild domestication. However, after artificial breeding, the quality of the beasts has obviously surpassed the wild quality. The quality of the skin of the skin-raising beast depends on the quality of the beast first, and has a direct correlation with the quality of the fur, which is determined by its inherent genetic basis. The quality of animal species directly related to fur quality is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1.1 coat color: It is required to have the typical coat color and luster inherent in this variety or type, and the new color type artificially cultivated is novel and beautiful.
Mink: The black-brown mink should be selected for breeding in the direction of deep and bright uniform body color; the coloured mink should be selected in the direction of pure, uniform colour of the coat. Silver and black fox: black and white colors should be clear, the greater the contrast, the more clear and graceful; the silver wool coverage should be high and uniform, the same body color; the color strength should be appropriate, that is, the width of the silver ring is appropriate and consistent. The silver-blue hybrid fox also requires it. Arctic fox: It is better to breed in the direction of blue hair. Yellow, brown tone has been more and more chilled by the market.貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉 貉.
1.2 Hair quality: The texture of wool, ie hair quilt, is determined synthetically by the length, density and fineness of needles and velvet. Artificially cultured fur, regardless of large hairs and small hairs, is required to be bred and villus is selected in the direction of short and flush. The length ratio of needles and villus is appropriate, and the length ratio of dorsoventral hairs tends to be the same (especially for blister requirements); The density of fluff should be selected in the high direction. The hair thickness should be selected in the direction of fine and straight. In order to exert and excavate the effects and potential of breeding beasts on the quality of fur, it is necessary to raise the beasts with good quality of fur, and to improve the quality of furs by introducing improved varieties and improving the quality of the original poor fur.
1.3 Fur extensions: Fur extensions are measured in accordance with the standard values ​​and the size of the implanted skin. The size factor that determines the size of the skinfold is mainly the skin length and the elongation of the skin. The longer the body length and fresh skin elongation, the higher the leather size. Therefore, breeding of species-specific beasts should be selected in the direction of general and loose type and physical fitness. To develop and excavate the quality of animal species to improve fur fur fur
2. Influence of geographical location on fur quality
The precious fur animals, foxes and cubs are all seasonal furry animals. It has a great dependence on the obvious changes in the sunshine cycle. This is the result of the long-term limitation of its wild distribution at high latitudes. Therefore, the higher the latitude, the better the fur quality. Under the conditions of entering and raising livestock, the quality of the fur is better as it goes to the north, and it is better to farm in areas with good feed conditions in suitable geographical areas to produce high-quality fur of consistent quality.
3, local breeding environment for fur
The local feeding environment mainly refers to the microclimate conditions such as sheds, cages, and sites exposed by labor. There are sheds, cages, skins and beasts with no sheds and cages. The fur quality of the cage conditions is excellent. Fur pelts kept in dark environments are of better quality than those in bright surroundings; the wet environment is more dry and moist. Fur quality. Artificial rearing should fully create a local environmental condition conducive to the improvement of fur quality.
4, feeding and management in fur
The impact of feeding and management on fur quality is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: feed and nutrition, skin fur management during winter hair growth, and disease control. The disease is detrimental to the health and growth of the animal. Indirectly affect the quality of fur; some diseases will also directly cause skin, hair damage and reduce the quality of fur. Strengthening disease prevention and control, especially the prevention of metabolic diseases and parasitic diseases, is also an important measure to improve the quality of furs:
4.1 Feed and Nutrition: Some traits of fur quality inherent in fur beast genetics are congenitally determined, but these good traits must be able to perform well through the scientific feed and nutrient supply during the day after tomorrow's growth and development. Play it out.
Only good breeds but lack of scientific breeding can not produce high quality hides. The growth and development of hair quilts mainly depend on animal protein, so feed and nutrition should ensure the protein, especially Piru winter hair, needs for the growth of protein. There are more sulfur amino acids in the hair quilt protein. Supplementing sulphur amino acids in the winter hair growth phase is beneficial to improve fur quality.
4.1.1 The effect of various nutrients on the growth and development of fur animals:
Protein is the material basis of all biological life activities and is an important part of the organism. Insufficient protein supply in fur animals causes a series of problems such as weight loss, a decrease in the number of hairs produced, and a decrease in fur quality. Severe malnutrition can cause a significant decrease in winter hair density. A very low protein concentration may hinder the regeneration of hair follicles, and the regeneration and development of hair follicles directly affect the hair density of winter hairs. The fat content in fur animal diets has always been very high, so the fat composition and stability-related quality issues of fur animal feeds are very important. Lowering protein levels and increasing fat levels can reduce dietary costs, but high fat levels can trigger fatty liver. When high-quality protein is supplied and the fat is provided by soybean oil and rapeseed oil, the incidence of fatty liver is low; when the protein is mainly derived from miscellaneous fish and the fat is derived from animal fat, the incidence of fatty liver is high.
There have been few reports on the effects of carbohydrates and carbohydrates on fur animals. In fact, the lack of grain and carbohydrate feeds for a long time can cause acidosis in the fleas, foxes and raccoons. It is characterized by redness, swelling, hair loss, and frequent urination; the coat of the perineum and both hindlimbs is highly humid, and when severe Cause cystitis, peritonitis, and even death.
Vitamin nutrition is an important aspect of fur animal nutrition. The lack or excess of vitamins in diets can affect the performance of animals and cause losses to culture. There are 12 species that need to be considered frequently in fur animal vitamin nutrition, 4 of which are fat-soluble and 8 are water-soluble. Biotin (VH) is an important water-soluble sulfur-containing vitamin that is widely involved in the body's metabolism. The lack of biotin may cause disorders in the body's metabolic functions, resulting in decreased performance of fur animals and reduced resistance to disease, as well as a decline in the quality of fur and the occurrence of self-bite in fur animals. VE is very important in the diet of fur animals because of its relationship with polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets.
The content and utilization of minerals in the diet, especially Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe, affect the quality and color of the fur. Cadmium, mercury, and selenium are also important. When the ratio of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the diet is out of balance, fur animals often suffer from rickets, self-bite, food-bleeding, unpleasant food and plush color, poor fur quality, and delayed hair replacement. Bone meal is rich in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and its proper proportion is a good feed for fur animals. Copper can promote the keratinization of hair fibers and the deposition of hair pigments, and indirectly make up for the deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids (necessary for fur growth), thereby promoting its growth.
4.2 Management of fur animals during the winter wool period: mainly to create environmental conditions conducive to the growth of winter hair, enhance short-day stimulation, reduce plush fouling, and in case of poor hair replacement or plush tangles, early living should be performed. Sulfur hair treatment. 5. Disease prevention and treatment: The disease is detrimental to the health and growth of the animal. Indirect effects
Bald raccoon is an infectious skin disease caused by dermatophytes. It is characterized by a round bald spot on the skin, covered with a shell, ecdysis, and sparsely coatable coat. Source of infection is sick beast. It is easy to induce this disease by direct or indirect contamination of fox equipment (brooms, scrapers), bedding, work clothes, animal cages, and small chambers, and poor feeding and management, as well as scratches, bruises, and scratches on the skin. Ascariasis This disease is a parasitic, invasive disease of fur animals and is characterized by aggression against the skin with a high degree of itching, hair loss, and crusting on the skin. The pathogen is fleas. It falls on the skin to infect. Fleas and lice Fleas are blood-sucking insects that, when parasitized on animals, affect animal health.
6, the processing quality of fur fur primary processing and deep processing also have a great influence on its quality. In the primary processing, the following issues should be especially noticed: Signature of mature furs and timely skinning should be carried out for the plush maturation of individual skin animals, one for mature ones and one for mature ones. In particular, skin beasts with melatonin implants should pay attention. Premature skin removal can make the skin level lower, and taking it too late will affect the flexibility and luster of the plush.
6.1 Opening: To open up. Otherwise it will affect the specifications of the skin type and also reduce the size of the skin.
6.2 scraping oil: scraping oil should be net, especially the neck to scrape, otherwise affect the elongation of the skin or drying after the collapse of the neck defects.
6.3 Shangyu: The Shangyu shall use the standard fascia and the up-to-standard commodity skin type.
6.4 Temperature and Humidity: The suitable temperature and humidity for drying are suitable. It is best to use blow drying. When drying with other heat sources, the temperature and humidity should not be too high. Otherwise, stuffy boards and hair loss will seriously reduce the quality of the skin.
6.5 Proper finishing and packaging: The dry skin is timely planted, washed, cleaned and packaged. Washing not only removes dust and dirt on the pile, but also significantly increases the appearance. Do not fold and dispose when packing, keep the skin stretched, do not use soft bags. In summary, animal medicine has many factors that affect the quality of fur. Artificial breeding must adopt comprehensive technical measures such as selecting seeds and breeding, strengthening feeding and management, creating suitable environmental conditions, and improving processing quality.
7, summary
In summary, there are many factors affecting the quality of fur, artificial breeding must be selected by the breeding, breeding, strengthening the feeding and management, reasonable diet mix, create appropriate environmental conditions and improve processing quality and other comprehensive technical measures to improve efforts Fur quality. All along, the same species of hides, foxes, and domestic hides are always lower in price than imported hides. On the surface, it is caused by the poor quality of the domestic skin and the small size. In fact, the root cause of the skin is the low feed nutrient level provided by the production and the species selection. Therefore, aquaculture production should use high-nutrition levels of feed and formulate a reasonable ratio of rations, select the fine varieties, and carry out reasonable rearing only in this way can guarantee.
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