At present, the vast majority of pesticide poisoning is caused by organophosphorus pesticides. Adults taking half a drop of parathion can poison, 2 to 3 drops will cause death.
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is caused by poisoning through the respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin. Organophosphorus pesticides are transported to various organs of the body through the blood and lymph after entering the human body. The content of liver is the most, followed by kidney, lung and bone. The content of muscle and brain tissue is small, and its toxicological effect is to inhibit cholinesterase in human body. The activity of the enzyme causes the choline enzyme to lose its ability to decompose acetylcholine and accumulate acetylcholine in the body. Poisoning is mainly due to failure of central respiratory failure, respiratory muscle spasm and asphyxia; bronchial spasm, bronchial cavity accumulation of mucus, pulmonary edema and other aggravated respiratory failure, and promote death.
(1) Symptoms of poisoning: According to the condition, it can be divided into light, medium and heavy categories. 1 mild poisoning symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, weakness, chest tightness, blurred vision, poor appetite and so on. 2 Moderate poisoning symptoms: In addition to the above mild poisoning symptoms, mild dyspnea, muscle tremors, miosis, mental paralysis, unstable walking, sweating, runny nose, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc. are also present. 3 severe poisoning symptoms: In addition to the above mild and moderate symptoms of poisoning, but also coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, mouth foaming, pulmonary edema, miosis, incontinence, convulsions, respiratory paralysis and so on. Early or mild poisoning is often overlooked, and its symptoms are similar to those of cold sunburn enteritis and other diseases should be given enough attention. The symptoms of poisoning caused by organophosphorus pesticides can vary from species to species. Symptoms of dimethoate have a long incubation period and a long time for symptoms to migrate. They also have a tendency to change. After the improvement, there will be repeated, sudden symptoms, and death. Malathion poisoning by accidental poisoning is a serious condition with a long course of disease and repeated late stages. Dichlorvos are poisoned orally. They quickly become coma, prone to respiratory paralysis, pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema. Peripheral poisoning causes headaches, dizziness, abdominal pain, excessive sweating, miosis, pale complexion, and blisters and burns. Parathion and endotoxins are toxic to the skin. If the headache is worse, it indicates that the poisoning is serious. After the poisoning, the damage to the heart muscle is obvious, causing circulatory failure such as myocardial contractility and hypotension.
(2) First aid: Take poisoners away from the scene, to fresh air, remove poisons, remove contaminated underwear, and immediately flush skin or eyes. Those who are poisoned should immediately take emergency measures such as vomiting, gastric lavage and catharsis.
(3) Treatment: Take antidote in time and correctly, use common organic phosphorus antidote anticholinergic agent and cholinesterase rejuvenator. 1 with anticholinergic agents. Atropine is currently one of the most effective antidotes for the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, but it is not effective for advanced respiratory paralysis. Treatment with atropine must be early, full, fast, and complex. For mild poisoning, subcutaneous injection of atropine 1 to 2 mg, intramuscular injection every 4 to 6 hours or oral atropine 0.4 to 0.6 mg until symptoms disappear. For moderate poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 2 ~ 4 mg, after every 15 to 30 minutes, repeated injection of 1 to 2 mg, to maintain the amount of atropine after the use of subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg every 4 to 6 hours. For oral poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 2 to 4 mg is started. Repeated injections are repeated every 15 to 30 minutes. After atropine treatment, 0.5 to 1 mg of atropine is intravenously injected every 2 to 4 hours until symptoms disappear. For severe poisoning, those who cause poisoning through the skin or respiratory tract, began to use atropine 3 ~ 5 mg intravenous injection, after every 10 to 30 minutes repeated injections, after atropine treatment with a maintenance dose every 2 to 4 hours intravenous injection of atropine 0.5 ~ 1 mg . For gastrointestinal poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 5 to 10 mg is started, and repeated injections are repeated every 10 to 30 minutes. After atropine treatment, atropine 0.5 to 2 mg is intravenously administered every 1 to 2 hours until symptoms of poisoning disappear. Atropine index: pupil dilated, heart rate increased to more than 120 times, dry mouth, flushing, reduced saliva secretion, reduced wet rales in the lungs, reduced consciousness disturbance, coma began to recover, abdominal distension, intestine Impaired peristaltic tone, urinary retention in the bladder, etc. The above indicators must be comprehensively judged, and it cannot be stopped simply by seeing that one index has been reached, and it should be maintained with a small dose according to the specific circumstances so as to avoid repeated illnesses. Matters needing attention: First, when the diagnosis is unclear, do not blindly use large doses of atropine to avoid atropine poisoning. Second, those with severe hypoxia should immediately give oxygen and keep their breathing open. At the same time with atropine treatment. The third is accompanied by elevated body temperature, physical cooling and then use atropine. Combination of atropine and cholinesterase regenerators should reduce atropine use. 2 with cholinesterase regenerator. Commonly used phosphorus solution, chlorine phosphorus, double complex phosphorus. Phosphate decontamination: Mild poisoning with 0.4 to 0.8 grams of pralidoxime, and then diluted with glucose or saline 10 to 20 ml for intravenous injection, repeated every 2 hours. Moderate poisoning uses 0.8 to 1.2 grams for slow intravenous injection, and then 0.4 to 0.8 grams of intravenous injection every 3 to 4 times. Severe poisonings are given intravenously in 1.2 grams and repeated in half an hour. Thereafter, 0.4 grams per hour is injected intravenously or in drops. Chlorophosphorin: Mild poisoning is given by intramuscular injection of 0.25 to 0.5 g, and repeated once every 2 to 4 hours if necessary. Moderate poisoning with 0.5 ~ 0.75 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, 1 to 2 hours and then repeat once every 2 to 4 hours after injection of 0.5 grams to improve the condition after the reduction or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with 0.75 to 1.0 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, half an hour is still not effective can be repeated once, after every 2 hours or 0.5 grams of intravenous injection of muscle, the condition improved, discretion reduction or withdrawal. Double complex phosphorus: mild poisoning with 0.125 ~ 0.25 g intramuscular injection, if necessary, repeated 2 to 3 hours. Moderate poisoning 0.5 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, repeated injections 2 to 3 hours, depending on the condition better to reduce the drug or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 0.5 ~ 0.75 grams, half an hour does not work, can be injected 0.5 grams. Every 2-3 hours after repeated injections of 0.25 grams until the condition improved. Note: First, it should be used within 24 hours after poisoning, and it should be maintained for 48 hours. The second is that cholinesterase rejuvenator is effective in the treatment of parathion, endophosphorus and protophos poisoning, but has poor efficacy against dichlorvos and trichlorfon pesticide poisoning. The third is to strictly control the dosage during the treatment, and drug overdose will produce drug poisoning. Fourth, fulvic agents have some damage to kidney function and should be used with caution in people with kidney disease. Fifth, special attention should be paid to the fact that atropine or pralidoxime should not be used as a preventive drug for people exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. This would mask the early symptoms and signs of poisoning and delay the timing of treatment.
(4) Chinese herbal medicine treatment: One or two Jianshui clothes can be used for mung bean and licorice. Can also be used for 0.3 to 0.9 grams of turmeric water Jianshui clothing. Also available are golden pheasant tail and honeysuckle, two or two, licorice two two water decoction suits.
(5) Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy: Dizziness and headache can acupuncture the sun and Fengchi points; nausea and vomiting acupuncture at Neiguan and Zhitu points; abdominal pain and acupuncture at Zhongwan and Zusanli points; diarrhea acupuncture at Tianshu, Qihai, and diarrhea. Such as acupuncture; muscle twitch acupuncture Dazhui, Zusanli, pool points; breathing difficulties stimulate the phrenic nerve. It should be pointed out that acupuncture must be performed by doctors with specialized skills in this area.
(6) Symptomatic treatment: Oxygen is given to persons with dyspnea and artificial respiration is severe. For brain edema should be quickly to the dehydration of diuretic drugs, but also take drugs to protect brain cells, in a lot of sweating dehydration, should be added salt water, pay attention to electrolyte balance. The use of morphine, theophylline, phenothiazine, and reserpine is prohibited when organic phosphorus is poisoned.
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is caused by poisoning through the respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin. Organophosphorus pesticides are transported to various organs of the body through the blood and lymph after entering the human body. The content of liver is the most, followed by kidney, lung and bone. The content of muscle and brain tissue is small, and its toxicological effect is to inhibit cholinesterase in human body. The activity of the enzyme causes the choline enzyme to lose its ability to decompose acetylcholine and accumulate acetylcholine in the body. Poisoning is mainly due to failure of central respiratory failure, respiratory muscle spasm and asphyxia; bronchial spasm, bronchial cavity accumulation of mucus, pulmonary edema and other aggravated respiratory failure, and promote death.
(1) Symptoms of poisoning: According to the condition, it can be divided into light, medium and heavy categories. 1 mild poisoning symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, weakness, chest tightness, blurred vision, poor appetite and so on. 2 Moderate poisoning symptoms: In addition to the above mild poisoning symptoms, mild dyspnea, muscle tremors, miosis, mental paralysis, unstable walking, sweating, runny nose, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc. are also present. 3 severe poisoning symptoms: In addition to the above mild and moderate symptoms of poisoning, but also coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, mouth foaming, pulmonary edema, miosis, incontinence, convulsions, respiratory paralysis and so on. Early or mild poisoning is often overlooked, and its symptoms are similar to those of cold sunburn enteritis and other diseases should be given enough attention. The symptoms of poisoning caused by organophosphorus pesticides can vary from species to species. Symptoms of dimethoate have a long incubation period and a long time for symptoms to migrate. They also have a tendency to change. After the improvement, there will be repeated, sudden symptoms, and death. Malathion poisoning by accidental poisoning is a serious condition with a long course of disease and repeated late stages. Dichlorvos are poisoned orally. They quickly become coma, prone to respiratory paralysis, pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema. Peripheral poisoning causes headaches, dizziness, abdominal pain, excessive sweating, miosis, pale complexion, and blisters and burns. Parathion and endotoxins are toxic to the skin. If the headache is worse, it indicates that the poisoning is serious. After the poisoning, the damage to the heart muscle is obvious, causing circulatory failure such as myocardial contractility and hypotension.
(2) First aid: Take poisoners away from the scene, to fresh air, remove poisons, remove contaminated underwear, and immediately flush skin or eyes. Those who are poisoned should immediately take emergency measures such as vomiting, gastric lavage and catharsis.
(3) Treatment: Take antidote in time and correctly, use common organic phosphorus antidote anticholinergic agent and cholinesterase rejuvenator. 1 with anticholinergic agents. Atropine is currently one of the most effective antidotes for the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, but it is not effective for advanced respiratory paralysis. Treatment with atropine must be early, full, fast, and complex. For mild poisoning, subcutaneous injection of atropine 1 to 2 mg, intramuscular injection every 4 to 6 hours or oral atropine 0.4 to 0.6 mg until symptoms disappear. For moderate poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 2 ~ 4 mg, after every 15 to 30 minutes, repeated injection of 1 to 2 mg, to maintain the amount of atropine after the use of subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg every 4 to 6 hours. For oral poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 2 to 4 mg is started. Repeated injections are repeated every 15 to 30 minutes. After atropine treatment, 0.5 to 1 mg of atropine is intravenously injected every 2 to 4 hours until symptoms disappear. For severe poisoning, those who cause poisoning through the skin or respiratory tract, began to use atropine 3 ~ 5 mg intravenous injection, after every 10 to 30 minutes repeated injections, after atropine treatment with a maintenance dose every 2 to 4 hours intravenous injection of atropine 0.5 ~ 1 mg . For gastrointestinal poisoning, intravenous injection of atropine 5 to 10 mg is started, and repeated injections are repeated every 10 to 30 minutes. After atropine treatment, atropine 0.5 to 2 mg is intravenously administered every 1 to 2 hours until symptoms of poisoning disappear. Atropine index: pupil dilated, heart rate increased to more than 120 times, dry mouth, flushing, reduced saliva secretion, reduced wet rales in the lungs, reduced consciousness disturbance, coma began to recover, abdominal distension, intestine Impaired peristaltic tone, urinary retention in the bladder, etc. The above indicators must be comprehensively judged, and it cannot be stopped simply by seeing that one index has been reached, and it should be maintained with a small dose according to the specific circumstances so as to avoid repeated illnesses. Matters needing attention: First, when the diagnosis is unclear, do not blindly use large doses of atropine to avoid atropine poisoning. Second, those with severe hypoxia should immediately give oxygen and keep their breathing open. At the same time with atropine treatment. The third is accompanied by elevated body temperature, physical cooling and then use atropine. Combination of atropine and cholinesterase regenerators should reduce atropine use. 2 with cholinesterase regenerator. Commonly used phosphorus solution, chlorine phosphorus, double complex phosphorus. Phosphate decontamination: Mild poisoning with 0.4 to 0.8 grams of pralidoxime, and then diluted with glucose or saline 10 to 20 ml for intravenous injection, repeated every 2 hours. Moderate poisoning uses 0.8 to 1.2 grams for slow intravenous injection, and then 0.4 to 0.8 grams of intravenous injection every 3 to 4 times. Severe poisonings are given intravenously in 1.2 grams and repeated in half an hour. Thereafter, 0.4 grams per hour is injected intravenously or in drops. Chlorophosphorin: Mild poisoning is given by intramuscular injection of 0.25 to 0.5 g, and repeated once every 2 to 4 hours if necessary. Moderate poisoning with 0.5 ~ 0.75 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, 1 to 2 hours and then repeat once every 2 to 4 hours after injection of 0.5 grams to improve the condition after the reduction or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with 0.75 to 1.0 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, half an hour is still not effective can be repeated once, after every 2 hours or 0.5 grams of intravenous injection of muscle, the condition improved, discretion reduction or withdrawal. Double complex phosphorus: mild poisoning with 0.125 ~ 0.25 g intramuscular injection, if necessary, repeated 2 to 3 hours. Moderate poisoning 0.5 grams of muscle or intravenous injection, repeated injections 2 to 3 hours, depending on the condition better to reduce the drug or withdrawal. Severe poisoning with intravenous injection of 0.5 ~ 0.75 grams, half an hour does not work, can be injected 0.5 grams. Every 2-3 hours after repeated injections of 0.25 grams until the condition improved. Note: First, it should be used within 24 hours after poisoning, and it should be maintained for 48 hours. The second is that cholinesterase rejuvenator is effective in the treatment of parathion, endophosphorus and protophos poisoning, but has poor efficacy against dichlorvos and trichlorfon pesticide poisoning. The third is to strictly control the dosage during the treatment, and drug overdose will produce drug poisoning. Fourth, fulvic agents have some damage to kidney function and should be used with caution in people with kidney disease. Fifth, special attention should be paid to the fact that atropine or pralidoxime should not be used as a preventive drug for people exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. This would mask the early symptoms and signs of poisoning and delay the timing of treatment.
(4) Chinese herbal medicine treatment: One or two Jianshui clothes can be used for mung bean and licorice. Can also be used for 0.3 to 0.9 grams of turmeric water Jianshui clothing. Also available are golden pheasant tail and honeysuckle, two or two, licorice two two water decoction suits.
(5) Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy: Dizziness and headache can acupuncture the sun and Fengchi points; nausea and vomiting acupuncture at Neiguan and Zhitu points; abdominal pain and acupuncture at Zhongwan and Zusanli points; diarrhea acupuncture at Tianshu, Qihai, and diarrhea. Such as acupuncture; muscle twitch acupuncture Dazhui, Zusanli, pool points; breathing difficulties stimulate the phrenic nerve. It should be pointed out that acupuncture must be performed by doctors with specialized skills in this area.
(6) Symptomatic treatment: Oxygen is given to persons with dyspnea and artificial respiration is severe. For brain edema should be quickly to the dehydration of diuretic drugs, but also take drugs to protect brain cells, in a lot of sweating dehydration, should be added salt water, pay attention to electrolyte balance. The use of morphine, theophylline, phenothiazine, and reserpine is prohibited when organic phosphorus is poisoned.
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